CBSE Class 12 Syllabus and Marking Scheme 2024-25

Class-wise Exam Format

• CBSE has different exam format or paper pattern at subject and class level.
• Objective & Subjective Questions
• Practical and internal assessment in Science and Social Science
• Emphasis on analytical and reasoning-based questions

• CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2024

  • Class 12 Physics Syllabus

    Class XII Physics Syllabus & Marking Scheme (2024-25)
    Unit No.	Unit Title	Chapters & Topics	Marks	Weightage
    I	Electrostatics	1. Electric Charges and Fields:Electric charges and conservation of charge, Coulomb's law and forces between point charges, Electric field and field lines, Electric, dipole and torque in uniform field, Gauss's theorem and its applications, 2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance: Electric potential and potential difference, Equipotential surfaces, Capacitors and capacitance (series and parallel combinations), Energy stored in a capacitor (formulas only)	16	22.86%
    II	Current Electricity	3. Current Electricity: Electric current and flow of charges in conductors, Drift velocity, Ohm's law, V-I characteristics, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge, and internal resistance of cells
    III	Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism	4. Moving Charges and Magnetism: Magnetic fields and Oersted's experiment, Biot-Savart law and applications, Ampere's law and current-carrying conductors, Moving coil galvanometer, Torque on current loops, 5. Magnetism and Matter: Bar magnets and their properties, Magnetic field intensity and torque on dipoles, Magnetic properties of materials (para-, dia-, and ferromagnetic substances)	17	24.29%
    IV	Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents	6. Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday's laws and Lenz's Law, Self and mutual induction, 7. Alternating Current: Peak and RMS values of AC, LCR circuits, resonance, and power in AC circuits, AC generator and transformers
    V	Electromagnetic Waves	8. Electromagnetic Waves: Displacement current, Characteristics of electromagnetic waves, Overview of the electromagnetic spectrum and its uses	18	25.71%
    VI	Optics	9. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments: Reflection, refraction, lenses, and optical fibers, Microscopes and telescopes, 10. Wave Optics: Wave fronts, Huygen’s principle, interference, and diffraction, Young's double slit experiment and central maxima width (qualitative treatment only)
    VII	Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter	11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter: Photoelectric effect and Einstein's photoelectric equation, Matter waves and de-Broglie relation	12	17.14%
    VIII	Atoms and Nuclei	12. Atoms: Rutherford and Bohr models of the atom, Hydrogen line spectra and calculations related to electron orbits 13. Nuclei: Composition and size of the nucleus, Mass-energy relation, binding energy, nuclear fission, and fusion
    IX	Electronic Devices	14. Semiconductor Electronics: Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors, and insulators, p-n junction and diode characteristics in forward and reverse bias, Applications of diodes as rectifiers	7	10.00%
    	Total		70	100.00%

     

  • Class 12 Biology Syllabus

    Class XII Biology Syllabus & Marking Scheme (2024-25)
    Unit	Unit Name	Chapters & Topics	Marks	Weightage
    Unit-VI	Reproduction	Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants:Flower structure; gametophyte development; pollination; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post-fertilization events; seed and fruit development; apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony.	16	22.86%
    		Human Reproduction:Male and female reproductive systems; testis and ovary anatomy; gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis); menstrual cycle; fertilization, embryo development, blastocyst, implantation, pregnancy, parturition, lactation.
    		Reproductive health:STDs; birth control methods; contraception and MTP; amniocentesis; infertility; ART (IVF, ZIFT, GIFT).
    Unit-VII	Genetics and Evolution	Principles of Inheritance and Variation:Mendelian inheritance; incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, blood groups; polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory; sex determination; linkage, crossing over; sex-linked inheritance; Mendelian and chromosomal disorders.	20	28.57%
    		Molecular Basis of Inheritance:Genetic material (DNA and RNA); DNA packaging, replication, transcription, translation; gene expression and regulation (lac operon); Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.
    		Evolution:Origin of life; biological evolution; Darwin’s theory; modern synthetic theory; natural selection, genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg principle; human evolution.
    Unit-VIII	Biology and Human Welfare	Human Health and Diseases:Pathogens, parasites, human diseases (malaria, dengue, typhoid, etc.); immunology; cancer, HIV, AIDS; drug and alcohol abuse.	12	17.14%
    		Microbes in Human WelfareMicrobes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment; bio-control agents, bio-fertilizers; antibiotics.
    Unit-IX	Biotechnology and its Applications	Biotechnology - Principles and Processes:Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).	12	17.14%
    		Biotechnology and its Applications:Applications in health and agriculture; Human insulin, vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; GMOs (Bt crops), transgenic animals, biosafety, biopiracy.
    Unit-X	Ecology and Environment	Organisms and Populations:Population interactions (mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism); population growth, birth rate, death rate, age distribution.	10	14.29%
    		Ecosystem:Ecosystem components, productivity, decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, and energy.
    		Biodiversity and its Conservation:Biodiversity: concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; conservation, hotspots, endangered species, extinction; Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries.
    	Total		70	100.00%

  • Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

    Class XII Chemistry Syllabus & Marking Scheme (2024-25)
    Unit	Unit name	Chapters & Topics	Marks	Weightage
    Unit I	Solutions	Types of solutions, concentration expressions, solubility of gases, Raoult's law, colligative properties (relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure), molecular mass determination, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor.	7	10.00%
    Unit II	Electrochemistry	Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, Nernst equation, Gibbs energy and EMF, conductance, Kohlrausch’s law, electrolysis, dry cells, electrolytic and galvanic cells, lead accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion.	9	12.86%
    Unit III	Chemical Kinetics	Rate of reaction, factors affecting rate (concentration, temperature, catalyst), order and molecularity, rate law, integrated rate equations (zero and first order), collision theory, activation energy, Arrhenius equation.	7	10.00%
    Unit IV	d and f Block Elements	Transition metals - properties (metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, magnetic properties), preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄, lanthanoids (oxidation states, reactivity, lanthanoid contraction), actinoids comparison.	7	10.00%
    Unit V	Coordination Compounds	Ligands, coordination number, IUPAC nomenclature, Werner's theory, VBT, CFT, stereoisomerism, importance in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and biological systems.	7	10.00%
    Unit VI	Haloalkanes and Haloarenes	Nomenclature, C-X bond nature, optical rotation, substitution reactions, uses and environmental effects of halogen compounds like DDT, freons, etc.	6	8.57%
    UnitVII	Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers	Alcohols - nomenclature, preparation, properties, identification of primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols; Phenols - electrophilic substitution, uses; Ethers - preparation, properties, uses.	6	8.57%
    Unit VIII	Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids	Nomenclature, preparation, properties, nucleophilic addition, alpha hydrogen reactivity, uses of aldehydes and ketones; Carboxylic acids - nomenclature, preparation, properties, uses.	8	11.43%
    Unit IX	Amines and Diazonium Salts	Nomenclature, preparation, properties, uses, classification of amines; preparation and reactions of diazonium salts, importance in synthetic chemistry.	6	8.57%
    Unit X	Biomolecules	Carbohydrates - classification, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, importance; Proteins - structure (primary to quaternary), denaturation, enzymes; Vitamins - classification and functions; Nucleic acids - DNA, RNA.	7	10.00%

     

     

    Chemistry Practical Syllabus (2024-25)
    S. No.	Practical Area	Details
    1	Surface Chemistry	1. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols (e.g., starch, egg albumin, ferric hydroxide). 2. Dialysis of sols. 3. Study of emulsifying agents.
    2	Chemical Kinetics	1. Effect of concentration/temperature on reaction rate (e.g., Sodium Thiosulphate & Hydrochloric Acid). 2. Study rates for iodide or potassium iodate reactions.
    3	Thermochemistry	1. Enthalpy of dissolution (e.g., Copper Sulphate). 2. Enthalpy of neutralization (e.g., HCl and NaOH). 3. Hydrogen bond formation (e.g., Acetone & Chloroform).
    4	Electrochemistry	Study variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn²⁺
    5	Chromatography	1. Separation of pigments (e.g., leaves, flowers). 2. Separation of inorganic mixture cations by paper chromatography.
    6	Preparation of Inorganic Compounds	1. Preparation of double salt (e.g., Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate). 2. Preparation of Potassium Ferric Oxalate.
    7	Preparation of Organic Compounds	Synthesis of compounds such as Acetanilide, Di-benzalacetone, or Aniline yellow.
    8	Tests for Organic Functional Groups	Identification of functional groups (e.g., aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, amine) in organic compounds.
    9	Foodstuff Analysis	Tests for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in pure samples and foodstuffs.
    10	Volumetric Analysis	Determination of KMnO₄ concentration by titration against Oxalic Acid or Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate.
    11	Qualitative Analysis	Determination of one cation (e.g., Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺) and one anion (e.g., SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻) in a given salt.

  • Class 12 Economics Syllabus

    Class XII Economics Syllabus & Marking Scheme (2024-25)
    Part	Unit	Unit name	Topic	Marks	Weightage %
    Part A :Introductory Macroeconomics	1	National Income and Related Aggregates	What is Macroeconomics? Basic concepts: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods, stocks and flows, gross investment, depreciation. Circular flow of income (two-sector model). Methods of calculating National Income: Value Added/Product Method, Expenditure Method, Income Method. National Income Aggregates: GNP, NNP, GDP, NDP (at market price, at factor cost), Real and Nominal GDP. GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare.	10	10%
    	2	Money and Banking	Money: meaning and functions, supply of money, money creation by commercial banks. Central bank functions (RBI): Bank of Issue, Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank, Credit Control (Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo, Reverse Repo, Open Market Operations).	6	6%
    	3	Determination of Income and Employment	Aggregate demand and its components. Propensity to consume and save (average and marginal). Short-run equilibrium, investment multiplier, full employment, involuntary unemployment. Excess and deficient demand, corrective measures (government spending, taxes, money supply).	12	12%
    	4	Government Budget and the Economy	Meaning, objectives, and components of government budget. Classification of receipts and expenditure (revenue, capital). Balanced, surplus, and deficit budget, measures of government deficit.	6	6%
    	5	Balance of Payments	Meaning and components of Balance of Payments (BoP). Surplus and deficit in BoP. Foreign exchange rate: fixed, flexible, managed floating. Determination of exchange rate in a free market. Merits and demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rates.	6	6%
    Part B: Indian Economic Development	6	Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991	State of Indian economy on the eve of independence. Five Year Plans: goals and features. Agriculture: institutional aspects, new agricultural strategy. Industry: IPR 1956, SSI - role and importance. Foreign trade. Economic Reforms since 1991 (LPG policy), Demonetization, GST.	12	12%
    	7	Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy	Human Capital Formation: role in development, education sector. Rural Development: credit, marketing, role of cooperatives, agricultural diversification, organic farming. Employment: growth, formal/informal sector changes, problems, and policies. Sustainable Development: effects on resources and environment (global warming).	20	20%
    	8	Development Experience of India	Comparison with Pakistan and China: economic growth, population, sectoral development, human development indicators.	8	8%
    Part C: Project Work			Project in Economics	20	20%
    		Total		100	100%

  • Class 12 Mathematics Syllabus

    Class XII Mathematics Syllabus & Marking Scheme (2024-25)
    Unit	Unit Name	Chapter	Topics	Marks	Weightage
    I	Relations and Functions	Sets	Sets and their representations, empty set, finite and infinite sets, subsets, universal set, Venn diagrams, union, intersection, and difference of sets, complement, properties of complement.	8	10.00%
    		Relations & Functions	Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets, relations, functions, domain, co-domain, range, real-valued functions (constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic, greatest integer), graphs.
    		Trigonometric Functions	Positive and negative angles, radians and degrees, trigonometric identities, domain and range, sum and difference identities, multiple and submultiple angles, graphs of trigonometric functions, identities related to sin, cos, and tan.
    II	Algebra	Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations	Positive and negative angles, radians and degrees, trigonometric identities, domain and range, sum and difference identities, multiple and submultiple angles, graphs of trigonometric functions, identities related to sin, cos, and tan.	10	12.50%
    		Linear Inequalities	Linear inequalities in one variable, algebraic solutions, representation on the number line.
    		Permutations and Combinations	Fundamental principle of counting, factorial, permutations (nPr) and combinations (nCr), applications.
    		Binomial Theorem	Statement and proof for positive integral indices, Pascal’s triangle, applications.
    		Sequence and Series	Arithmetic Mean (A.M.), Geometric Progression (G.P.), sum of n terms, infinite G.P., relation between A.M. and G.M.
    III	Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry	Vectors	Vectors, scalars, direction cosines/ratios, vector types, position vector, vector addition, dot & cross product.	14	17.50%
    		3D Geometry	Direction cosines/ratios of lines, Cartesian & vector equations, skew lines, shortest distance, angle between lines.
    IV	Calculus	Limits and Derivatives	Intuitive concept of limits, limits of polynomials, rational, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, derivatives as rate of change, slope of tangents, derivatives of sum, difference, product, and quotient of functions.	35	43.75%
    V	Linear programming	Linear Programming	introduction,related terminologies such as constraints,objective function,optimization,graphical method of solution for two variables,feasibles and unfeasibles regions,optimal feasibles solutions	5	6.25%
    VI	Statistics and Probability	Statistics	Measures of dispersion: range, mean deviation, variance, standard deviation of ungrouped and grouped data.	8	10.00%
    		Probability	Events, axiomatic probability, mutually exclusive events, probability of ‘not’, ‘and’, and ‘or’ events.
    		Total		80	100.00%

  • Class 12 English Syllabus

    Class XII English Syllabus & Marking Scheme (2024-25)
    Sections	Book	Marks	Weightage
    Literature Text Book and Supplementary Reading Text	Flamingo: English Reader Prose	40	40.00%
    	Flamingo: English Reader Poetry
    	Vistas: Supplementary Reader
    Reading Skills		22	22.00%
    Creative Writing Skills		18	18.00%
    Assessment of Speaking and Listening Skills		20	20.00%
    Total		100	100.00%

  • Class 12 Hindi Syllabus

    कक्षा 12 हिन्दी वार्षिक परीक्षा हेतु भार विभाजन , पाठ्यक्रम (Class XII Marking Scheme and Hindi Syllabus )
    भारांक-80
    खंड	विषय - वस्तु		अंकन योजना	अंक
    खंड-क	(अपठित बोध)	अपठित गद्यांश	बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न 01 अंक x 03 प्रश्न = 03 अंक, अतिलघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न 01 अंक x 01 प्रश्न = 01 अंक, लघुत्तरात्मक प्रश्न 02 अंक x 03 प्रश्न = 06 अंक)	18 अंक
    		अपठित पद्यांश	(बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न 01 अंक x 03 प्रश्न = 03 अंक, | अतिलघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न 01 अंक x 01 प्रश्न = 01 अंक, लघुत्तरात्मक प्रश्न 02 अंक x 02 प्रश्न = 04 अंक
    खंड-ख	(अभिव्यक्ति और माध्यम पाठ्यपुस्तक के आधार पर)	पाठ संख्या 3, 4, 5, 11, 12 तथा 13 पर आधारित	दिए गए 03 अप्रत्याशित विषयों में से किसी 01 विषय पर आधारित लगभग 120 शब्दों में रचनात्मक लेखन (06 अंक x 01 प्रश्न	22 अंक
    			पाठ संख्या 3, 4, 5, 11 तथा 13 पर आधारित (02 अंक x 04 प्रश्न = 08 अंक ) (लगभग 40 शब्दों में), (04 अंक x 02 प्रश्न = 08 अंक ) ( लगभग 80 शब्दों में) ( विकल्प सहित )
    खंड - ग	(आरोह भाग-2 एवं वितान भाग 2)	पाठ्यपुस्तकों के आधार पर	पठित काव्यांश पर आधारित 05 बहुविकल्पी प्रश्न (01 अंक x 05 प्रश्न)	40 अंक
    			काव्य खंड पर आधारित 03 प्रश्नों में से किन्हीं 02 प्रश्नों के उत्तर (लगभग 60 शब्दों में) (03 अंक x 02 प्रश्न)
    			काव्य खंड पर आधारित 03 प्रश्नों में से किन्हीं 02 प्रश्नों के उत्तर (लगभग 40 शब्दों में) (02 अंक x 02 प्रश्न)
    			पठित गद्यांश पर आधारित 05 बहुविकल्पी प्रश्न (01 अंक x 05 प्रश्न)
    			गद्य खंड पर आधारित 03 प्रश्नों में से किन्हीं 02 प्रश्नों के उत्तर (लगभग 60 शब्दों में) (03 अंक x 02 प्रश्न
    			गद्य खंड पर आधारित 03 प्रश्नों में से किन्हीं 02 प्रश्नों के उत्तर (लगभग 40 शब्दों में) (02 अंक x 02 प्रश्न)
    			वितान के पाठों पर आधारित 03 में से 02 प्रश्नों के उत्तर (लगभग 100 शब्दों में)
    	आकलन		(अ) श्रवण तथा वाचन	20 अंक
    			(ब) परियोजना कार्य
    	कुल अंक			100 अंक

  • Class 12 History Syllabus

    Class XII History Syllabus & Marking Scheme (2024-25)
    Unit Name	Chapter	Key Concept	Marks	Weightage
    Themes in Indian History Part—I	Bricks, Beads And Bones	Familiarize learners with early urban centers and revision of historical notions.	25	25.00%
    	Kings, Farmers And Towns	Familiarize learners with political and economic trends.
    		Analyze inscriptional evidence.
    	Kinship, Caste And Class	Introduce textual analysis to reconstruct social history.
    		Appraise the condition of women during the Mahabharata age.
    	Thinkers, Beliefs And Buildings	Discuss religious developments in early India.
    		Visual analysis of religious sculptures.
    Themes in Indian History Part—II	Through The Eyes Of Travellers	Understand social histories through travellers’ accounts	25	25.00%
    	Bhakti-Sufi Traditions	Analyze devotional literature and religious developments in medieval India.
    	An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara	Acquaint learners with Vijayanagara architecture.
    		Use architecture to reconstruct history.
    Themes in Indian History Part—III	Peasants, Zamindars And The State	Discuss agrarian changes during Mughal rule.	25	25.00%
    		Understand state-agrarian relations.
    	Colonialism And The Countryside	Explore the impact of colonialism on peasants and artisans.
    		Evaluate British revenue systems and official records.
    	Rebels And The Raj	Understand the events of the 1857 revolt and its impact.
    	Mahatma Gandhi And The Nationalist Movement	Explore the role of Gandhian leadership in the Nationalist Movement.
    	Framing The Constitution	Explore the role of Gandhian leadership in the Nationalist Movement.
    Map			5	5.00%
    Project			20	20.00%
    Total			100	100.00%

     

    Map Pointing - Class XII History
    Topic	Places/Locations
    Mature Harappan Sites	Harappa, Banawali, Kalibangan, Balakot, Rakhigarhi, Dholavira, Nageshwar, Lothal, Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Kot Diji
    Mahajanapadas and Cities	Vajji, Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, Panchala, Gandhara, Avanti, Rajgir, Ujjain, Taxila, Varanasi
    Distribution of Ashokan Inscriptions	Pillar Inscriptions: Sanchi, Topra, Meerut Pillar, Kaushambi
    Kingdoms of Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas	Chola Kingdom, Chera Kingdom, Pandya Kingdom
    Important Kingdoms and Towns	Kushanas, Shakas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Guptas Cities/Towns: Mathura, Kanauj, Puhar, Braghukachchha, Shravasti, Rajgir, Vaishali, Varanasi, Vidisha
    Major Buddhist Sites	Nagarjunakonda, Sanchi, Amaravati, Lumbini, Bharhut, Bodh Gaya, Ajanta
    Part II – Map (Vijayanagara Empire)	Bidar, Golconda, Bijapur, Vijayanagar, Chandragiri, Kanchipuram, Mysore, Thanjavur, Kolar, Tirunelveli
    Territories Under Babur, Akbar, Aurangzeb	Delhi, Agra, Panipat, Amber, Ajmer, Lahore, Goa
    Part III – Map (British Control in 1857)	Punjab, Sindh, Bombay, Madras, Berar, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Surat, Calcutta, Patna, Allahabad
    Main Centres of Revolt of 1857	Delhi, Meerut, Jhansi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Azamgarh, Calcutta, Benaras, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Agra, Awadh
    Important Centres of National Movement	Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad, Benaras, Amritsar, Chauri Chaura, Lahore, Bardoli, Dandi, Bombay (Quit India Resolution), Karachi

  • Class 12 Business Studies Syllabus

    Class XII Business Studies Syllabus & Marking Scheme (2024-25)
    Unit	Unit Name	Concept	Marks	Weightage
    Unit 1	Management	Management - concept, objectives, and importance	16	16%
    		Management as Science, Art and Profession
    		Levels of Management
    		Management functions: planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling
    		Coordination - concept and importance
    Unit 2	Principles of Management	Principles of Management - concept and significance
    		Fayol’s principles of management
    		Taylor’s Scientific management - principles and techniques
    Unit 3	Business Environment	Business Environment - concept and importance
    		Dimensions of Business Environment
    		Demonetization - concept and features
    Unit 4	Planning	Planning - Concept, importance, and limitation	14	14%
    		Planning process
    		Single use and Standing Plans
    Unit 5	Organising	Organising - Concept and importance
    		Organising Process
    		Structure of organisation - functional and divisional concept
    		Formal and informal organization
    		Delegation - concept, elements, and importance
    		Decentralization - concept and importance
    Unit 6	Staffing	Staffing - Concept and importance of staffing	20	20%
    		Staffing as a part of Human Resource Management
    		Staffing process
    		Recruitment process
    		Selection - process
    		Training and Development - Concept, methods, importance
    Unit 7	Directing	Directing - Concept and importance
    		Elements of Directing
    		Motivation - Maslow’s hierarchy, financial and non-financial incentives
    		Leadership - concept and styles (authoritative, democratic, laissez-faire)
    		Communication - concept, formal/informal, barriers, solutions
    Unit 8	Controlling	Controlling - Concept and importance
    		Relationship between planning and controlling
    		Steps in process of control
    Unit 9	Financial Management	Financial Management - Concept, role, and objectives	15	15%
    		Financial decisions - investment, financing, dividend
    		Financial Planning - concept and importance
    		Capital Structure - concept and factors affecting it
    		Fixed and Working Capital - concept and factors affecting
    Unit 10	Financial Markets	Financial Markets - concept
    		Money Market - concept
    		Capital market and its types (primary and secondary)
    		Stock Exchange - Functions and trading procedure
    		SEBI - objectives and functions
    Unit 11	Marketing	Marketing - Concept, functions, and philosophies	15	15%
    		Marketing Mix - Concept and elements
    		Product - branding, labelling, packaging
    		Price - concept and factors determining price
    		Physical Distribution - concept, components, channels
    		Promotion - Concept and elements
    Unit 12	Consumer Protection	Consumer Protection - Concept and importance
    		Consumer Protection Act, 2019 - Meaning, rights, complaints, redressal
    		Consumer awareness - Role of organizations and NGOs
    	Project Work		20	20%

  • Class 12 Accountancy Syllabus

    Class XII Accountancy Syllabus & Marking Scheme (2024-25)
    Parts	Unit Name	Key concept	Marks	Weightage
    Part A: Accounting for Partnership Firms and Companies	Unit 1: Accounting for Partnership Firms	Partnership: features, Partnership Deed, Provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 (in the absence of partnership deed).	36	36%
    		Fixed vs. fluctuating capital accounts, Profit and Loss Appropriation account, guarantee of profits, past adjustments, goodwill valuation (average profit, super profit, capitalization).
    		Reconstitution and Dissolution of Partnership:
    		Change in Profit Sharing Ratio: sacrificing ratio, gaining ratio, revaluation of assets/liabilities, treatment of reserves, accumulated profits/losses.
    		Admission of a Partner: impact on profit-sharing ratio, goodwill treatment (AS 26), revaluation of assets/liabilities.
    		Retirement and Death of a Partner: adjustments related to goodwill, reserves, accumulated profits/losses, revaluation of assets/liabilities, loan account, capital/current account, executor's account.
    		Dissolution of Partnership Firm: meaning, types, realization account, partners' capital, and cash/bank accounts (excluding piecemeal distribution, sale to a company, and insolvency).
    	Unit 2: Accounting for Companies	Accounting for Share Capital	24	24%
    		Features and types of companies, share and share capital, types of shares.
    		Accounting for share capital: issue/allotment of shares, over/under subscription, calls in advance/arrears, issue at par/premium, consideration other than cash.
    		Private Placement, ESOP, Sweat Equity.
    		Forfeiture and Re-issue of shares.
    		Accounting for Debentures
    		Meaning, types, issue of debentures at par/premium/discount, debentures as collateral security, interest on debentures.
    		Writing off discount/loss on issue of debentures.
    Part B: Financial Statement Analysis	Unit 3: Analysis of Financial Statements	Financial statements of a company: meaning, nature, importance, format (as per Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013).	12	12%
    		Tools for Financial Statement Analysis: Comparative statements, common size statements, ratio analysis, cash flow analysis.
    		Accounting Ratios
    		Meaning, objectives, advantages, classification, and computation of various ratios:
    		- Liquidity Ratios: Current ratio, Quick ratio.
    		- Solvency Ratios: Debt to Equity, Total Asset to Debt, Proprietary, Interest Coverage, Debt to Capital Employed ratios.
    		- Activity Ratios: Inventory Turnover, Trade Receivables Turnover, Trade Payables Turnover, Fixed Asset Turnover, Net Asset Turnover, Working Capital Turnover ratios.
    		- Profitability Ratios: Gross Profit, Operating, Operating Profit, Net Profit, Return on Investment.
    	Unit 4: Cash Flow Statement	Meaning, objectives, benefits, Cash and Cash Equivalents, classification of activities, preparation (as per AS 3 using indirect method).	8	8%
    Part C : Project Work		Project File	12	12%
    		Viva Voce	8	8%
    Total			100	100%
    OR
    Part B: Computerised Accounting	Unit 4: Computerised Accounting	Overview of Computerised Accounting System	20	20%
    		Introduction: Application in Accounting.
    		Features of Computerised Accounting System.
    		Structure of CAS.
    		Software Packages: Generic, Specific, Tailored.
    		Accounting Application of Electronic Spreadsheet
    		Concept of electronic spreadsheet.
    		Features offered by electronic spreadsheet.
    		Application in generating accounting information: Bank reconciliation statement, asset accounting, loan repayment schedule, ratio analysis.
    		Data representation: graphs, charts, and diagrams.
    		Using Computerised Accounting System
    		Steps in installation of CAS, codification and hierarchy of account heads, creation of accounts.
    		Data: Entry, validation, and verification.
    		Adjusting entries, preparation of balance sheet, profit and loss account with closing entries and opening entries.
    		Need and security features of the system.
    Part C: Practical Work		Hands-on application of CAS through practical work.	20	20%

  • Class 12 Political Science Syllabus

    Class XII Political Science Syllabus (2024-25)
    Books	Chapter	Topic	Marks	Weightage
    PART A-CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS	The End of Bipolarity	The Soviet System, Gorbachev and the disintegration, Causes and Consequences of disintegration of Soviet Union, Shock Therapy and its Consequences, New entities in world politics: Russia, Balkan States, Central Asian States, India's relations with Russia and other post-communist countries	6	6%
    	Contemporary Centres of Power	European Union Association of Southeast Asian Nations Rise of China as an economic power Japan and South Korea as emerging powers	6	6%
    	Contemporary South Asia	Military and Democracy in Pakistan and Bangladesh, Monarchy and Democracy in Nepal, Ethnic Conflict and Democracy in Sri Lanka, India-Pakistan Conflicts, India and its Neighbours, Peace and Cooperation	6	6%
    	International Organizations	Jurisdiction of the UN, India and the UN Reforms Key Agencies: IMF, World Bank, WTO, ILO, IAEA. NGO: Amnesty InteMeaning and importance of International Organisations, Evolution of the UN, Structure and function of International Organisations, Principal Organs of UN, Reform of the UN after Cold War, Reform of Structures, Processes andrnational, Human Rights Watch. Implications and Future of International Organizations	6	6%
    	Security in the Contemporary World	Meaning and Type of Security, Traditional concept of security, Non-tradition notions of Security, New Sources of Threats, Cooperative Security India’s Security strategy	6	6%
    	Environment and Natural Resources	Environmental Concerns, Global Commons, Common but differentiated Responsibilities, India’s Stand on Environment Issues, Environmental Movements, Resource Geopolitics, Rights of Indigenous peoples	6	6%
    	Globalisation	Concept of globalisation, Causes and Consequences of globalisation, India and globalization, Resistance to globalization, India and resistance to globalisation	4	4%
    PART B-POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE	Challenges of Nation Building	Challenges for the new Nation:Three Challenges Partition: Displacement and Rehabilitation Integration of Princely States Reorganisation of States.	6	6%
    	Era of One-Party Dominance	Challenge of building democracy, Congress dominance in the first three general elect ions, Emergence of opposition parties	4	4%
    	Politics of Planned Development	Political contestation, The Early Initiatives	2	2%
    	India’s External Relations	International Context, The Policy of Non- Alignment, Peace and conflict with China, India’s Nuclear Policy	6	6%
    	Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System	Challenge of Political Succession, Fourth General Election 1967, Split in the Congress, The 1971 Election and Restoration of Congress	4	4%
    	The Crisis of Democratic Order	Background to Emergency, Declaration of Emergency, Lessons of the Emergency, Politics after Emergency	4	4%
    	Regional Aspirations	Region and the Nation, Punjab, The Northeast	6	6%
    	Recent Developments in Indian Politics	Context of 1990s, Era of Coalition, Political rise if the Backward Classes, Communalism, Secularism and Democracy, Emergence of New Consensus, Lok Sabha Elections 2004	8	8%
    Project /Practical			20	20%
    Total			100	100%