Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people:
! Shifting cultivators
! Nomadic and pastoralist communities
! Firms trading in timber/forest produce
! Plantation owners
! Kings/British officials engaged in shikar
Shifting cultivators
New forests laws got banned shifting cultivation. For shifting cultivators it was very devastating because it a problem for their survival. Many of them were forced to migrate or start some other occupations. Many other were forced to work in the plantations of tea. Normadic and pastoralist communities, grazing of animals was banned under new forest laws. It made the life of pastoralist communities difficult. Herbs of animals were their only sources of livelihood. The nomadic communities were announced as criminal communities. Firms trading in timber/forest produces Because of huge demand of timber that was boon for the timber merchants. They must have seen good growth in their incomes. Plantation owners Land was given at the lower rates to the plantation owners. Labour was also made available to them at very low wages. Moreover new policies were also made that prevented the workers from going back to their home villages. Kings/british officials engaged in shikar Killing of ferocious animals such as tiger or wolves that were monetarily rewarded. Moreover hunting was considered as a sign of bravely and valour.
Between 1880 and 1920, forest cover in the Indian subcontinent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from 108.6 million hectares to 98.9 million hectares. Discuss the role of the following factors in this decline:
! Railways
! Shipbuilding
! Agricultural expansion
! Commercial farming
! Tea/Coffee plantations
! Adivasis and other peasant users
What are the similarities between colonial management of the forests in Bastar and in Java?
Why are forests affected by wars?
Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France.
What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905?
Describe the problems faced by the Weimar Republic.
Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement?
Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?
In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?
Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930.
Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the law changed the lives of pastoralists:
! Waste Land rules
! Forest Acts
! Criminal Tribes Act
! Grazing Tax
Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world 4during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world 4during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the law changed the lives of pastoralists:
! Waste Land rules
! Forest Acts
! Criminal Tribes Act
! Grazing Tax
Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?
Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution.
What are the peculiar features of Nazi thinking?
What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews.
In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?
Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930.