How were Islamic architectural forms different from those of the Roman Empire?
Roman architecture: The Roman architectural forms or buildings were solid and magnificent. These features were the key features of the Roman architectural form. It introduced two architectural features the arch and cupolas or domes. There were multi storeyed buildings with one raw arches standing over the another. Round arches were used in city gates, bridges, buildings and monuments of victory. The spread of Christianity gave a new impetus to the building of the Roman empire. St Sophia in Constantinople and buildings in Jerusalem stand witness to the Roman architectural skill. Islamic architecture: architectural form represents the great architectural symbol of Islamic world. The Islamic art right from Spain to Central Asia represents some basic architectural features such as horse shoe arches, bubois, domes, minarets, columns and open courtyard. The Islamic architectural pattern of building built around the central courtyard was not only the key features of the mosques but also of sarai (built for carazans) and palaces. Calligraphy and geometric designs were also used to decorate architecture and manuscripts.
What were the features of the lives of the Bedouins in the early seventh century?
What were the effects of the Crusades on Europe and Asia?
Give examples of the cosmopolitan character of the states set up by Arabs, Iranians and Turks.
What is meant by the term ‘Abbasid revolution’?
Describe a journey from Samarqand to Damascus, referring to the cities on the route.
Look at the diagram showing the positive feedback mechanism on page 13. Can you list the inputs that went into tool making? What were the processes that were strengthened by tool making?
Why do we say that it was not natural fertility and high levels of food production that were the causes of early urbanisation?
Why was trade so significant to the Mongols?
Describe two features of early feudal society in France.
Which elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the 14th and 15th centuries ?
Compare the civilization of the Aztecs with that of the Mesopotamians.
How did Britain’s involvement in wars from 1793 to 1815 affect British industries?
Comment on any points of difference between the native peoples of South and North America.
What were the major developments before the Meiji restoration that made it possible for Japan to modernise rapidly?
Humans and mammals such as monkeys and apes have certain similarities in behaviour and anatomy. This indicates that humans possibly evolved from apes. List these resemblances in two columns under the headings of (a) behaviour and (b) anatomy. Are there any differences that you think are noteworthy?
How did long-term changes in population levels affect economy and society in Europe
Imagine an encounter in California in about 1880 between four people: a former African slave, a Chinese labourer, a German who had come out in the Gold Rush, and a native of the Hopi tribe, and narrate their conversation.
Why do we say that it was not natural fertility and high levels of food production that were the causes of early urbanisation?
Compare the Venetian idea of good government with those in contemporary France.
How do later Mongol reflections on the yasa bring out the uneasy relationship they had with the memory of Genghis Khan.
Compare the effects of the coming of the railways in different countries of the world.
What do ancient stories tell us about the civilisation of Mesopotamia?
Describe two features of early feudal society in France.
Of the new institutions that came into being once city life had begun, which would have depended on the initiative of the king?
Why were Italian towns the first to experience the ideas of humanism?