‘There is a downward trend in inequality world-wide with a rise in the average education levels’. Comment.
Theoretically, there is a negative relationship between education level and degree of inequality. This relationship has been practically established across the world in recent decades. Education not only imparts technical skills but also at the same time enhances productivity of a person. An educated person, endowed with higher productivity and efficiency enjoys relatively higher income earning capacity. The higher income earning capacity and greater acceptability of modern techniques raise the standard and quality of living. Distribution of income has become less skewed and gap between the rich and the poor has been narrowing slowly. Gradually, the importance of education is being realised world-wide and, consequently, governments of different countries have been investing heavily in the education sector. With the rise in average education levels, not only inequality but also other problems like, poverty, underutilisation of resources and inferior standards and quality of life have been minimised.
Discuss the need for promoting women’s education in India.
Trace the relationship between human capital and economic growth.
Discuss the following as a source of human capital formation
(i) Health infrastructure
(ii) Expenditure on migration.
Education is considered to be an important input for the development of a nation. How?
What are the main problems of human capital formation in India?
How is human development a broader term as compared to human capital?
What factors contribute to human capital formation?
Argue in favour of the need for different forms of government intervention in education and health sectors.
What are the indicators of educational achievement in a country?
How government organisations facilitate the functioning of schools and hospitals in India?
What was the focus of the economic policies pursued by the colonial government in India? What were the impacts of these policies?
What do you mean by rural development? Bring out the key issues in rural development.
Define a plan?
Who is a worker?
Explain the term ‘infrastructure’.
What is meant by environment?
Why are regional and economic groupings formed?
Why were reforms introduced in India?
Why calorie-based norm is not adequate to identify the poor?
Name some notable economists who estimated India’s per capita income during the colonial period?
Who is a casual wage labourer?
How do the following factors contribute to the environmental crisis in India? What problem do they pose for the government?
(i) Rising population
(ii) Air pollution
(iii) Water contamination
(iv) Affluent consumption standards
(v) Illiteracy
(vi) Industrialisation
(vii) Urbanisation
(viii) Reduction of forest coverage
(ix) Poaching
(x) Global warming
The newly emerging jobs are found mostly in the sector (service/manufacturing).
Explain the role of non-farm employment in promoting rural diversification.
Define worker-population ratio.
Raj is going to school. When he is not in school, you will find him working in his farm. Can you consider him as a worker? Why?
Mention some obstacles that hinder the mechanism of agricultural marketing.
Explain ‘growth with equity’ as a planning objective.
Do you think various measures taken by the government to improve agricultural marketing are sufficient? Discuss.
The following table shows distribution of workforce in India for the year 1972-73. Analyse it and give reasons for the nature of workforce distribution. You will notice that the data is pertaining to the situation in India 30 years ago!
Place of Residence | Workforce (in millions) | ||
Male | Female | Total | |
Rural Urban |
125 32 |
69 7 |
195 39 |