Describe the path of developmental initiatives taken by Pakistan for its economic development.
The path of developmental initiatives taken by Pakistan for its economic development are:
a) With the aim of economic development, Pakistan adopted the pattern of mixed economy where both private and public sectors coexist
b) Pakistan introduced a variety of regulated policy framework for import substitution, industrialisation during 1950s and 1960s. This implies producing goods domestically to substitute imports, thereby, discouraging imports and simultaneously encouraging and developing domestic industries.
c) In order to protect domestic industries producing consumer goods, policy measure was initiated to create the tariff barriers.
d) The introduction of Green Revolution mechanised agriculture leading to the increase in the production of food grains.
e) The mechanisation of agriculture was followed by the nationalisation of capital goods industries in 1970s.
f) In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Pakistan shifted its policy orientation by denationalising the thrust areas, thereby, encouraging the private sector.
g) All these above measures created an environment conducive to initiate the economic reforms that were ultimately initiated in 1988.
Compare and contrast the development of India, China and Pakistan with respect to some salient human development indicators.
Define the liberty indicator. Give some examples of liberty indicators.
Why are regional and economic groupings formed?
Explain the Great Leap Forward campaign of China as initiated in 1958.
What are the various means by which countries are trying to strengthen their own domestic economies?
Group the following features pertaining to the economies of India, China and Pakistan under three heads
• One-child norm
• Low fertility rate
• High degree of urbanisation
• Mixed economy
• Very high fertility rate
• Large population
• High density of population
• Growth due to manufacturing sector
• Growth due to service sector.
Comment on the growth rate trends witnessed in China and India in the last two decades.
Give reasons for the slow growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan.
Mention the salient demographic indicators of China, Pakistan and India.
What similar developmental strategies have India and Pakistan followed for their respective developmental paths?
What was the focus of the economic policies pursued by the colonial government in India? What were the impacts of these policies?
What are the two major sources of human capital in a country?
What do you mean by rural development? Bring out the key issues in rural development.
Define a plan?
Who is a worker?
Explain the term ‘infrastructure’.
What is meant by environment?
Why were reforms introduced in India?
Why calorie-based norm is not adequate to identify the poor?
Name some notable economists who estimated India’s per capita income during the colonial period?
What are the three basic sources of generating power?
Discuss the following as a source of human capital formation
(i) Health infrastructure
(ii) Expenditure on migration.
Explain the role of micro-credit in meeting credit requirements of the poor.
Compared to the 1970s, there has hardly been any change in the distribution of workforce across various industries. Comment.
Explain the supply-demand reversal of environmental resources.
What is the significance of ‘energy’? Differentiate between commercial and non-commercial sources of energy.
What do you mean by transmission and distribution losses? How can they be reduced?
What problems are being faced by the power sector in India?
Illustrate the difference between rural and urban poverty. Is it correct to say that poverty has shifted from rural to urban areas? Use the trends in poverty ratio to support your answer.
What do you understand by devaluation of rupee?