Describe the path of developmental initiatives taken by Pakistan for its economic development.
The path of developmental initiatives taken by Pakistan for its economic development are:
a) With the aim of economic development, Pakistan adopted the pattern of mixed economy where both private and public sectors coexist
b) Pakistan introduced a variety of regulated policy framework for import substitution, industrialisation during 1950s and 1960s. This implies producing goods domestically to substitute imports, thereby, discouraging imports and simultaneously encouraging and developing domestic industries.
c) In order to protect domestic industries producing consumer goods, policy measure was initiated to create the tariff barriers.
d) The introduction of Green Revolution mechanised agriculture leading to the increase in the production of food grains.
e) The mechanisation of agriculture was followed by the nationalisation of capital goods industries in 1970s.
f) In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Pakistan shifted its policy orientation by denationalising the thrust areas, thereby, encouraging the private sector.
g) All these above measures created an environment conducive to initiate the economic reforms that were ultimately initiated in 1988.
Compare and contrast the development of India, China and Pakistan with respect to some salient human development indicators.
Define the liberty indicator. Give some examples of liberty indicators.
Why are regional and economic groupings formed?
Explain the Great Leap Forward campaign of China as initiated in 1958.
What are the various means by which countries are trying to strengthen their own domestic economies?
Group the following features pertaining to the economies of India, China and Pakistan under three heads
• One-child norm
• Low fertility rate
• High degree of urbanisation
• Mixed economy
• Very high fertility rate
• Large population
• High density of population
• Growth due to manufacturing sector
• Growth due to service sector.
Comment on the growth rate trends witnessed in China and India in the last two decades.
Give reasons for the slow growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan.
Mention the salient demographic indicators of China, Pakistan and India.
What similar developmental strategies have India and Pakistan followed for their respective developmental paths?
What was the focus of the economic policies pursued by the colonial government in India? What were the impacts of these policies?
What are the two major sources of human capital in a country?
What do you mean by rural development? Bring out the key issues in rural development.
Define a plan?
Who is a worker?
Explain the term ‘infrastructure’.
What is meant by environment?
Why were reforms introduced in India?
Why calorie-based norm is not adequate to identify the poor?
Name some notable economists who estimated India’s per capita income during the colonial period?
Bring out the importance of animal husbandry, fisheries and horticulture as a source of diversification.
Education is considered to be an important input for the development of a nation. How?
Compared to the 1970s, there has hardly been any change in the distribution of workforce across various industries. Comment.
Raj is going to school. When he is not in school, you will find him working in his farm. Can you consider him as a worker? Why?
Find the odd man out (i) rickshaw puller who works under a rick-shaw owner (ii) mason (iii) mechanic shop worker (iv) shoeshine boy.
How is human development a broader term as compared to human capital?
What was the two-fold motive behind the systematic de-industrialisation affected by the British in pre-independent India?
Compared to urban women, more rural women are found working. Why?
What is organic farming and how does it promote sustainable development?
What is the state of rural infrastructure in India?