Explain the formation of a chemical bond.
A chemical bond is defined as an attractive force that holds the constituents (atoms, ions etc.) together in a chemical species.
Various theories have been suggested for the formation of chemical bonds such as the electronic theory, valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, valence bond theory, and molecular orbital theory.
A chemical bond formation is attributed to the tendency of a system to attain stability. It was observed that the inertness of noble-gases was because of their fully filled outermost orbitals. Hence, it was postulated that the elements having incomplete outermost shells are unstable (reactive). Atoms, therefore, combine with each other and complete their respective octets or duplets to attain the stable configuration of the nearest noble gases. This combination can occur either by sharing of electrons or by transferring one or more electrons from one atom to another. The chemical bond formed as a result of sharing of electrons between atoms is called a covalent bond. An ionic bond is formed as a result of the transference of electrons from one atom to another.
What is meant by the term bond order? Calculate the bond order of: N2, O2,O2+,and O2-.
Use molecular orbital theory to explain why the Be2 molecule does not exist.
Explain the formation of H2 molecule on the basis of valence bond theory.
Compare the relative stability of the following species and indicate their magnetic properties:
O2,O2+,O2- (superoxide), O22-(peroxide)
Describe the hybridisation in case of PCl5. Why are the axial bonds longer as compared to equatorial bonds?
Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why?
Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero dipole moment although the Be–H bonds are polar.
Discuss the shape of the following molecules using the VSEPR model:
BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S, PH3
Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms and ions:
S and S2–; Al and Al3+; H and H–
Describe the change in hybridisation (if any) of the Al atom in the following reaction.
How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?
What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?
(i) CH2=C=O,
(ii) CH3CH=CH2,
(iii) (CH3)2CO,
(iv) CH2=CHCN,
(v) C6H6
What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30°C?
What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H2O
(ii) CO2
(iii) CH4
Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:
(a) NaH2PO4
(b) NaHSO4
(c) H4P2O7
(d) K2MnO4
(e) CaO2
(f) NaBH4
(g) H2S2O7
(h) KAl(SO4)2.12 H2O
What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?
Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.
A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?
Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration.
Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl2 and CO2 according to the reaction,
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
What mass of CaCO3 is required to react completely with 25 mL of 0.75 M HCl?
An alkene 'A' on ozonolysis gives a mixture of ethanal and pentan-3-one. Write structure and IUPAC name of 'A'.
Arrange the following metals in the order in which they displace each other from the solution of their salts.
Al, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn.
How will you convert benzene into
(i) p - nitrobromobenzene
(ii) m - nitrochlorobenzene
(iii) p - nitrotoluene
(iv) acetophenone?
Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 107 ms–1.
Considering the elements F, Cl, O and N, the correct order of their chemical reactivity in terms of oxidizing property is:
(a) F > Cl > O > N
(b) F > O > Cl > N
(c) Cl > F > O > N
(d) O > F > N > Cl
Explain the physical significance of Van der Waals parameters.
Explain why cations are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atoms?
Following results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated with different wavelengths.
Calculate (a) threshold wavelength and, (b) Planck’s constant.
λ (nm) | 500 | 450 |
400 |
v × 10–5 (cm s–1) | 2.55 | 4.35 | 5.35 |
(a) Classify following oxides as neutral, acidic, basic or amphoteric:
CO, B2O3, SiO2, CO2, Al2O3, PbO2, Tl2O3
(b) Write suitable chemical equations to show their nature.
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