Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following molecules?
(a)CH3–CH3;
(b) CH3–CH=CH2;
(c) CH3-CH2-OH;
(d) CH3-CHO
(e) CH3COOH
Hybrid orbital are formed by the overlapping of orbitals having almost same energy.
Single bond= one sigma bond = sp3 hybridization
Double bond = one sigma bond + one pie bond = sp2 hybridization
Triple bond = one sigma bond + two pie bond = sp hybridization
(a)
According to structure, C1 & C2 are making 4 sigma bonds(single bond) each with the help of one s hybrid orbital & 3 p hybrid orbital, hence C1& C2 are sp3 hybridised
(b)
Here C1 is making 4 sigma bond therefore it s sp3 hybridised , while C2 and C3 are making a double bond( 1 sigma + 1 pie bond ) therefore they both are sp2 hybridized.
(c)
Both the carbons C1 & C2 are making single bond(sigma bond),therefore they are sp3hybridized.
(d)
From the structure it is clear that C1 is making sigma bonds only, therefore it is sp3 hybridised.C2 is making a double bond therefore it is sp2 hybridised.
C1 is sp3 hybridized and C2 is sp2 hybridized.
(e)
Here C1 is making a sigma bond therefore it is in sp3 hybridization state, while C2 is making a double bond ,it is in sp2 hybridised state.
What is meant by the term bond order? Calculate the bond order of: N2, O2,O2+,and O2-.
Use molecular orbital theory to explain why the Be2 molecule does not exist.
Explain the formation of H2 molecule on the basis of valence bond theory.
Compare the relative stability of the following species and indicate their magnetic properties:
O2,O2+,O2- (superoxide), O22-(peroxide)
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Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why?
Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero dipole moment although the Be–H bonds are polar.
Discuss the shape of the following molecules using the VSEPR model:
BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S, PH3
Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms and ions:
S and S2–; Al and Al3+; H and H–
Describe the change in hybridisation (if any) of the Al atom in the following reaction.
How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?
What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?
(i) CH2=C=O,
(ii) CH3CH=CH2,
(iii) (CH3)2CO,
(iv) CH2=CHCN,
(v) C6H6
What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30°C?
What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H2O
(ii) CO2
(iii) CH4
Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:
(a) NaH2PO4
(b) NaHSO4
(c) H4P2O7
(d) K2MnO4
(e) CaO2
(f) NaBH4
(g) H2S2O7
(h) KAl(SO4)2.12 H2O
What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?
Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.
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a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?
Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration.
Energy of an electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10–18 J. Calculate the ionization enthalpy of atomic hydrogen in terms of J mol–1.
Similar to electron diffraction, neutron diffraction microscope is also used for the determination of the structure of molecules. If the wavelength used here is 800 pm, calculate the characteristic velocity associated with the neutron.
If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L–1, what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M solution?
A vessel of 120 mL capacity contains a certain amount of gas at 35 °C and 1.2 bar pressure. The gas is transferred to another vessel of volume 180 mL at 35 °C. What would be its pressure?
What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol L–1 if its 20 g are dissolved in enough water to make a final volume up to 2 L?
An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons. Assign the atomic symbol.
The type of hybridisation of boron in diborane is
(a) sp (b) sp2 (c) sp3 (d) dsp2
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Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.
A 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wavelength of 0.57μm. Calculate the rate of emission of quanta per second.
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Well explained
Very well explained
Well explained
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