Although both CO2 and H2O are triatomic molecules, the shape of H2O molecule is bent while that of CO2 is linear. Explain this on the basis of dipole moment.
Dipole moment is the product of the magnitude of the positive or negative charge (q) and the distance (d) between the charges, i.e.
μ = q x d.
The SI unit is coulomb metre. The molecule with symmetrical and linear geometries have zero dipole moment because they are vector in nature and the dipole of different bonds cancel with one another. CO2 is symmetrical and has dipole moment 0. Therefore it will have a linear shape with bond angle 180°.
Resultant μ = 0 D
H2O is a unsymmetrical molecule and bent geometries, the geometries have specific dipole moment (1.84D) because the bond polarities do not cancel each other. Therefore H2O will have a bent structure with bond angle 104°.
What is meant by the term bond order? Calculate the bond order of: N2, O2,O2+,and O2-.
Use molecular orbital theory to explain why the Be2 molecule does not exist.
Explain the formation of H2 molecule on the basis of valence bond theory.
Compare the relative stability of the following species and indicate their magnetic properties:
O2,O2+,O2- (superoxide), O22-(peroxide)
Describe the hybridisation in case of PCl5. Why are the axial bonds longer as compared to equatorial bonds?
Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why?
Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero dipole moment although the Be–H bonds are polar.
Discuss the shape of the following molecules using the VSEPR model:
BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S, PH3
Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms and ions:
S and S2–; Al and Al3+; H and H–
Draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules and ions: H2S, SiCl4, BeF2, , HCOOH
How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?
What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?
(i) CH2=C=O,
(ii) CH3CH=CH2,
(iii) (CH3)2CO,
(iv) CH2=CHCN,
(v) C6H6
What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30°C?
What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H2O
(ii) CO2
(iii) CH4
Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:
(a) NaH2PO4
(b) NaHSO4
(c) H4P2O7
(d) K2MnO4
(e) CaO2
(f) NaBH4
(g) H2S2O7
(h) KAl(SO4)2.12 H2O
What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?
Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.
A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?
Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration.
Write down the products of ozonolysis of 1,2-dimethylbenzene (o-xylene). How does the result support Kekule structure for benzene?
An alkene 'A' on ozonolysis gives a mixture of ethanal and pentan-3-one. Write structure and IUPAC name of 'A'.
Knowing the properties of H2O and D2O, do you think that D2O can be used for drinking purposes?
A vessel of 120 mL capacity contains a certain amount of gas at 35 °C and 1.2 bar pressure. The gas is transferred to another vessel of volume 180 mL at 35 °C. What would be its pressure?
Explain the terms Inductive and Electromeric effects. Which electron displacement effect explains the following correct orders of acidity of the carboxylic acids?
(a) Cl3CCOOH > Cl2CHCOOH > ClCH2COOH
(b) CH3CH2COOH > (CH3)2CHCOOH > (CH3)3C.COOH
Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 107 ms–1.
What is the relationship between the members of following pairs of structures? Are they structural or geometrical isomers or resonance contributors?
(a)
(b)
(c)
In astronomical observations, signals observed from the distant stars are generally weak. If the photon detector receives a total of 3.15 × 10–18 J from the radiations of 600 nm, calculate the number of photons received by the detector.
Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by the ozonolysis of the following compounds:
(i) Pent-2-ene
(ii) 3,4-Dimethyl-hept-3-ene
(iii) 2-Ethylbut-1-ene
(iv) 1-Phenylbut-1-ene
What will be the pressure exerted by a mixture of 3.2 g of methane and 4.4 g of carbon dioxide contained in a 9 dm3 flask at 27 °C ?
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