Class 12 Chemistry - Chapter Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids NCERT Solutions | An organic compound contains 69.77% carb

Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

(i) Propanal and Propanone

(ii) Acetophenone and Benzophenone

(iii) Phenol and Benzoic acid

(iv) Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate

(v) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one

(vi) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone

(vii) Ethanal and Propanal

Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

(i) Methanal                       (ii) 2-Methylpentanal

(iii) Benzaldehyde              (iv) Benzophenone

(v) Cyclohexanone             (vi) 1-Phenylpropanone

(vii) Phenylacetaldehyde     (viii) Butan-1-ol

(ix) 2, 2-Dimethylbutanal

How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?

(i) Butane-1, 3-diol  (ii) But-2-enal  (iii) But-2-enoic acid

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.

(i)Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.

(ii)Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.

Hint:Consider steric effect and electronic effect.

Write the structures of the following compounds.

(i) α-Methoxypropionaldehyde

(ii) 3-Hydroxybutanal

(iii) 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde

(iv) 4-Oxopentanal

(v) Di-sec-butyl ketone

(vi) 4-Fluoroacetophenone

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:

(i) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone (reactivity towards HCN)

(ii) CH₃CH₂CH(Br)COOH, CH₃CH(Br)CH₂COOH, (CH₃)₂CHCOOH, CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH (acid strength)

(iii) Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acid strength)

Describe the following:

(i) Acetylation

(ii) Cannizzaro reaction

(iii) Cross aldol condensation

(iv) Decarboxylation

Give plausible explanation for each of the following:

(i) Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2, 2, 6 trimethylcyclohexanone does not.

(ii) There are two -NH₂ groups in semicarbazide. However, only one is involved in the formation of semicarbazones.

(iii) During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, the water or the ester should be removed as soon as it is formed.

Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

(i) CH₃CO₂H or CH₂FCO₂H

(ii)CH₂FCO₂H or CH₂ClCO₂H

(iii) CH₂FCH₂CH₂CO₂H or CH₃CHFCH₂CO₂H

(iv)

Predict the products formed when cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

(i) PhMgBr and then H₃O⁺

(ii)Tollens' reagent

(iii) Semicarbazide and weak acid

(iv)Excess ethanol and acid

(v) Zinc amalgam and dilute hydrochloric acid

For the reaction R → P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03 M to 0.02 M in 25 minutes. Calculate the average rate of reaction using units of time both in minutes and seconds.

Write the formulas for the following coordination compounds:

(i) Tetraamminediaquacobalt (III) chloride

(ii) Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II)

(iii) Tris(ethane-1,2-diamine) chromium(III) chloride

(iv) Amminebromidochloridonitrito-N-platinate(II)

(v) Dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)platinum(IV) nitrate

(vi) Iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)

(i) Write structures of different isomeric amines corresponding to the molecular formula, C4H11N

(ii) Write IUPAC names of all the isomers.

(iii) What type of isomerism is exhibited by different pairs of amines?

Why are solids rigid?

Write any two characteristics of Chemisorption.

Which of the ores mentioned in Table 6.1 can be concentrated by magnetic separation method?

Why are pentahalides more covalent than trihalides?

Silver atom has completely filled d orbitals (4d10) in its ground state. How can you say that it is a transition element?

Glucose or sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane or benzene (simple six membered ring compounds) are insoluble in water. Explain.

Write structures of the following compounds:

(i) 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane

(ii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane

(iii) 4-tert. Butyl-3-iodoheptane

(iv) 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene

(v) 1-Bromo-4-sec. butyl-2-methylbenzene

Why is N2 less reactive at room temperature?

The conductivity of 0.20 M solution of KCl at 298 K is 0.0248 Scm^-1. Calculate its molar conductivity.

Out of C₆H₅CH₂Cl and C₆H₅CHClC₆H₅, which is more easily hydrolysed by aqueous KOH?

How are synthetic detergents better than soap?

What do you mean by activity and selectivity of catalysts?

List the uses of Neon and argon gases.

Discuss the effect of pressure and temperature on the adsorption of gases on solids.

Describe the oxidising action of potassium dichromate and write the ionicequations for its reaction with:

(i) iodide

(ii) iron

(II) solution and

(iii) H₂S

Give the oxidation state, d-orbital occupation and coordination number of the central metal ion in the following complexes:

(i) K₃[Co(C₂O₄)₃]

(ii) cis-[Cr(en)₂Cl₂]Cl

(iii) (NH₄)₂[CoF₄]

(iv) [Mn(H₂O)₆]SO₄

Illustrate how copper metal can give different products on reaction with HNO₃.