Class 12 Chemistry - Chapter Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids NCERT Solutions | How will you prepare the following compo

Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

(i) Propanal and Propanone

(ii) Acetophenone and Benzophenone

(iii) Phenol and Benzoic acid

(iv) Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate

(v) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one

(vi) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone

(vii) Ethanal and Propanal

Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

(i) Methanal                       (ii) 2-Methylpentanal

(iii) Benzaldehyde              (iv) Benzophenone

(v) Cyclohexanone             (vi) 1-Phenylpropanone

(vii) Phenylacetaldehyde     (viii) Butan-1-ol

(ix) 2, 2-Dimethylbutanal

How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?

(i) Butane-1, 3-diol  (ii) But-2-enal  (iii) But-2-enoic acid

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.

(i)Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.

(ii)Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.

Hint:Consider steric effect and electronic effect.

Write the structures of the following compounds.

(i) α-Methoxypropionaldehyde

(ii) 3-Hydroxybutanal

(iii) 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde

(iv) 4-Oxopentanal

(v) Di-sec-butyl ketone

(vi) 4-Fluoroacetophenone

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:

(i) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone (reactivity towards HCN)

(ii) CH₃CH₂CH(Br)COOH, CH₃CH(Br)CH₂COOH, (CH₃)₂CHCOOH, CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH (acid strength)

(iii) Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acid strength)

Describe the following:

(i) Acetylation

(ii) Cannizzaro reaction

(iii) Cross aldol condensation

(iv) Decarboxylation

Give plausible explanation for each of the following:

(i) Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2, 2, 6 trimethylcyclohexanone does not.

(ii) There are two -NH₂ groups in semicarbazide. However, only one is involved in the formation of semicarbazones.

(iii) During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, the water or the ester should be removed as soon as it is formed.

Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

(i) CH₃CO₂H or CH₂FCO₂H

(ii)CH₂FCO₂H or CH₂ClCO₂H

(iii) CH₂FCH₂CH₂CO₂H or CH₃CHFCH₂CO₂H

(iv)

Predict the products formed when cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

(i) PhMgBr and then H₃O⁺

(ii)Tollens' reagent

(iii) Semicarbazide and weak acid

(iv)Excess ethanol and acid

(v) Zinc amalgam and dilute hydrochloric acid

For the reaction R → P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03 M to 0.02 M in 25 minutes. Calculate the average rate of reaction using units of time both in minutes and seconds.

Write the formulas for the following coordination compounds:

(i) Tetraamminediaquacobalt (III) chloride

(ii) Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II)

(iii) Tris(ethane-1,2-diamine) chromium(III) chloride

(iv) Amminebromidochloridonitrito-N-platinate(II)

(v) Dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)platinum(IV) nitrate

(vi) Iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)

(i) Write structures of different isomeric amines corresponding to the molecular formula, C4H11N

(ii) Write IUPAC names of all the isomers.

(iii) What type of isomerism is exhibited by different pairs of amines?

Why are solids rigid?

Write any two characteristics of Chemisorption.

Which of the ores mentioned in Table 6.1 can be concentrated by magnetic separation method?

Why are pentahalides more covalent than trihalides?

Silver atom has completely filled d orbitals (4d10) in its ground state. How can you say that it is a transition element?

Glucose or sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane or benzene (simple six membered ring compounds) are insoluble in water. Explain.

Write structures of the following compounds:

(i) 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane

(ii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane

(iii) 4-tert. Butyl-3-iodoheptane

(iv) 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene

(v) 1-Bromo-4-sec. butyl-2-methylbenzene

Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane?

While separating a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols by steam distillation, name the isomer which will be steam volatile. Give reason.

How is O₃ estimated quantitatively?

 A first order reaction has a rate constant 1.15 10^-3s^-1. How long will 5 g of this reactant take to reduce to 3 g?

Primary alkyl halide C₄H₉Br (a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b).Compound (b) is reacted with HBr to give (c) which is an isomer of (a). When (a) is reacted with sodium metal it gives compound (d), C₈H₁₈ which is different from the compound formed when n-butyl bromide is reacted with sodium. Give the structural formula of (a) and write the equations for all the reactions.

Give the significance of a lattice point.

'Stability of a crystal is reflected in themagnitude of its melting point'. Comment. Collect melting points of solid water, ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether and methane from a data book. What can you say about the intermolecular forces between these molecules?

Write the names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the following ethers by Williamson's synthesis:

(i) 1-Propoxypropane

(ii) Ethoxybenzene

(iii) 2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane

(iv) 1-Methoxyethane

For a reaction, A + B → Product; the rate law is given by,  r  = k [A]^½ [B]². What is the order of the reaction?

What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions could quartz be converted into glass?