Class 11 Accountancy - Chapter Depreciation, Provisions and Reserves NCERT Solutions | Explain the concept of depreciation. Wha
Explain the concept of depreciation. What is the need for charging depreciation and what are the causes of depreciation?
Depreciation may be described as a permanent, continuing and gradual shrinkage in the book value of fixed assets. It is based on the cost of assets consumed in a business and not on its market value.
Every business acquires fixed assets for its use in the business over a period of time. As the benefits of these assets can be availed over a long period of time (due to their regular use), there exists continuous wear and tear and consequently fall in their value. This fall in the value of fixed assets (due to regular use or expiry of time) is termed as depreciation. A machinery that costs Rs 1,00,000 and its useful life of 10 years, its depreciation will be calculated as:
-
To ascertain true net profit or net loss: Correct profit or loss can be ascertained when all the expenses and losses incurred for earning revenues are charged to the profit and loss account. Assets are used for earning revenues and its cost is charged in the form of depreciation from profit and loss accounts.
-
To show a true and fair view of financial statements: If depreciation is not charged, assets are shown at higher value than their actual value in the balance sheet; consequently, the balance sheet does not reflect the true view of financial statements.
-
For ascertaining the accurate cost of production: Depreciation on plant and machinery and other assets, which are engaged in production, is included in the cost of production. If depreciation is not included, cost of production is underestimated, which will lead to low sale price and thus lead to low profit.
-
Distribution of dividend out of profit: If depreciation is not charged, which leads to over estimating of profit & consequently more profit is distributed as dividend, out of capital instead of the profit. This leads to the flight of scarce capital out of the business.
-
To provide funds for replacement of assets: Unlike other expenses, depreciation is not a cash expense. So, the amount of depreciation charged will be retained in the business and will be used for replacement of fixed assets after its useful life.
-
Consideration of tax: If depreciation is charged, then the profit and loss account will disclose less profit as to when the depreciation is not charged. This depicts reduced profit and thus the business will be liable for lesser tax amount.
The causes for depreciation:
-
Constant use: Due to constant use of the fixed assets there exists normal wear and tear that leads to fall in the value of fixed assets.
-
Expiry of time: With the passage of time, whether assets are used or not, its effective life decreases. The natural forces like rain, weather, etc. lead to deterioration of the fixed assets.
-
Obsolescence: Due to the fast technological innovations and inventions today’s assets may be outdated by tomorrow’s sophisticated assets. This leads to the obsolescence of fixed assets.
-
Expiry of legal rights: If an asset is acquired for a specific period of time, then, whether the asset is put to use or not, its value becomes zero at the end of its useful life.
-
Accident: An asset may lose its value and damage may happen to it due to mishaps such as a fire accidents, theft or a natural calamity. The loss due to accidents is permanent in nature.
More Questions From Class 11 Accountancy - Chapter Depreciation, Provisions and Reserves
- Q:-
State whether the following statements are true or false:
- Depreciation is a non-cash expense.
- Depreciation is also charged on current assets.
- Depreciation is decline in the market value of tangible fixed assets.
- The main cause of depreciation is wear and tear caused by its usage.
- Depreciation must be charged so as to ascertain true profit or loss of the business.
- Depletion term is used in case of intangible assets.
- Depreciation provides fund for replacement.
- When market value of an asset is higher than book value, depreciation is not charged.
- Depreciation is charged to reduce the value of asset to its market value.
- If adequate maintenance expenditure is incurred, depreciation need not be charged.
- Q:-
State briefly the need for providing depreciation.
- Q:-
Give four examples each of ‘revenue reserve’ and ‘capital reserves’.
- Q:-
Give four examples each of ‘provision’ and ‘reserves’.
- Q:-
What are the effects of depreciation on profit and loss account and balance sheet?
- Q:-
Name and explain different types of reserves in detail.
- Q:-
State with reasons whether the following statements are True or False ;
(i) Making excessive provision for doubtful debits builds up the secret reserve in the business.
(ii) Capital reserves are normally created out of free or distributable profits.
(iii) Dividend equalisation reserve is an example of general reserve.
(iv) General reserve can be used only for some specific purposes.
(v) ‘Provision’ is a charge against profit.
(vi) Reserves are created to meet future expenses or losses the amount of which is not certain.
(vii) Creation of reserve reduces taxable profits of the business. - Q:-
Discuss in detail the straight line method and written down value method of depreciation. Distinguish between the two and also give situations where they are useful.
- Q:-
Basaria Confectioner bought a cold storage plant on July 01, 2014 for ₹ 1,00,000. Compare the amount of depreciation charged for first three years using:
- Rate of depreciation @ 10% on original cost basis;
- Rate of depreciation @ on written down value basis;
- Also, plot the computed amount of depreciation on a graph.
- Q:-
Distinguish between ‘general reserve’ and ‘specific reserve’.
Popular Questions of Class 11 Accountancy
- Q:-
Name any two types of commonly used negotiable instruments.
- Q:-
Why is it necessary to record the adjusting entries in the preparation of final accounts?
- Q:-
State the meaning of incomplete records?
- Q:-
Briefly state how the cash book is both journal and a ledger.
- Q:-
State the meaning of a trial balance?
- Q:-
State the four basic requirements of a database applications.
- Q:-
Define accounting.
- Q:-
State the different elements of a computer system.
- Q:-
Why is it necessary for accountants to assume that business entity will remain a going concern?
- Q:-
State the need for the preparation of bank reconciliation statement?
Recently Viewed Questions of Class 11 Accountancy
- Q:-
Explain the process of preparing bank reconciliation statement with amended cash balance.
- Q:-
Mr. Sunrise started a business for buying and selling of stationery with ₹ 5,00,000 as an initial investment. Of which he paid ₹ 1,00,000 for furniture, ₹ 2,00,000 for buying stationery items. He employed a sales person and clerk. At the end of the month he paid ₹ 5,000 as their salaries. Out of the stationery bought he sold some stationery for ₹ 1,50,000 for cash and some other stationery for ₹ 1,00,000 on credit basis to Mr. Ravi. Subsequently, he bought stationery items of ₹ 1,50,000 from Mr. Peace. In the first week of next month there was a fire accident and he lost ₹ 30,000 worth of stationery. A part of the machinery, which cost ₹ 40,000, was sold for ₹ 45,000.
From the above, answer the following :
1. What is the amount of capital with which Mr. Sunrise started business?
2. What are the fixed assets he bought?
3. What is the value of the goods purchased?
4. Who is the creditor and state the amount payable to him?
5. What are the expenses?
6. What is the gain he earned?
7. What is the loss he incurred?
8. Who is the debtor? What is the amount receivable from him?
9. What is the total amount of expenses and losses incurred?
10. Determine if the following are assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses or none of the these: sales, debtors, creditors, salary to manager, discount to debtors, drawings by the owner. - Q:-
The journal entry to record purchase of equipment for ₹ 2,00,000 cash and a balance of ₹ 8,00,000 due in 30 days include:
(a) Debit equipment for ₹ 2,00,000 and Credit cash ₹ 2,00,000.
(b) Debit equipment for ₹ 10,00,000 and Credit cash ₹ 2,00,000 and creditors ₹ 8,00,000.
(c) Debit equipment ₹ 2,00,000 and Credit debtors ₹ 8,00,000.
(d) Debit equipment ₹ 10,00,000 and Credit cash ₹ 10,00,000. - Q:-
What are the objectives of preparing financial statements ?
- Q:-
Record the rectification entry for the following transactions:
Credit sales to Rajni 5,000 recorded in Purchases book:
This is an error of ..........................................
State the wrong entry recorded in the book of accountsCorrect effect should have been:
The rectification entry will be:
- Q:-
Does debit always mean increase and credit always mean decrease?
- Q:-
What is the purpose of posting J.F numbers that are entered in the journal at the time entries are posted to the accounts?
- Q:-
Briefly explain the benefits of maintaining a Bills Payable Book and state how is its posting is done in the ledger?
- Q:-
Enumerate informational needs of management.
- Q:-
Give the performa of a Bills Payable Book.
- All Chapters Of Class 11 Accountancy
- All Subjects Of Class 11