NCERT Solutions for Class 12

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

• NCERT Solution for Physical Education
• NCERT Solution for History
• NCERT Solution for Accountancy - Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements
• NCERT Solution for
• NCERT Solution for Business Studies
• NCERT Solution for Hindi
• NCERT Solution for English
• NCERT Solution for Economics
• NCERT Solution for Accountancy
• NCERT Solution for Chemistry
• NCERT Solution for Physics
• NCERT Solution for Biology
• NCERT Solution for Mathematics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physical Education

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physical Education covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy - Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy - Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

• Chapter 1 Accounting for Share Capital
• Chapter 2 Issue and Redemption of Debentures

  Chapter 2 of Class 12 Accountancy, Issue and Redemption of Debentures, covers one of the most important aspects of corporate finance—raising capital through debentures and their eventual redemption. This chapter dives into the types of debentures, methods of issuing them, and the legal and financial obligations tied to redeeming debentures. In this chapter’s solutions, students will find detailed explanations and step-by-step answers to questions about journal entries, debenture issuance at par, premium, or discount, and the accounting treatment for interest and redemption. Understanding these solutions will help students gain a solid grasp of these fundamental concepts, which are crucial for excelling in their exams and understanding corporate finance.

  Debenture: Debenture is the acknowledgements of debt. It is a loan capital raised by the company from general public. A person/holder of such a written acknowledgement is called‘debenture-holder’.

  Bond: Bond is similar to debenture in terms of contents and texture. The only difference is with respect of issue condition, i.e bonds can be issued without pre-determined rate of interest as is in case of deep discount bonds.

  Charge: Charge is an incumbrance to meet the obligation under trust deed on certain assets which company agrees to mortgage either by way of first or second charge. First charge implies the priority in repayment of loan. Those who hold first charge against any specific asset will realise their claim from the net realisable value of such assets. Any amount of surplus from such assets given under first charge will be utilised for setting the claims for holder of second charge.

  Types of Debenture: Debentures are of various types such as: secured and unsecured debentures redeemable and perpetual debentures, convertible and non-convertible debentures, zero coupon rate and specific rate, registered and bearer debentures.

  Issue of Debenture: Debentures are said to be issued at par when the amount to be collected on them is equal to their nominal or face value. If the issue price is more than nominal or face value, it is said to be issued at a premium. If the issue price is less than the nominal or face value, it is said to be issued on discount. The amount received as premium is credited to ‘securities premium account’ whereas amount of discount allowed is debited to “loss/discount on issue” and is written-off over the years.

  Issue of Debentures for consideration other than Cash: Sometimes debentures can be issued to vendor or suppliers of patents, copyrights and for transfer of intellectual property rights

  on preferential basis without receiving money in cash.

  Purchase Consideration: Purchase consideration is amount paid by purchasing company inconsideration for purchase of assets/business firm, another enterprise/vendor.

  Collateral Security: Any security in addition to primary security is called‘collateral security’.

  Redemption of Debenture: Means discharge of liability on account of debenture/bond by repayment made to debenture-holders. Normally, the redemption takes place on the expiry of period for which they have been issued, depending upon the terms and conditions of issue.

• Chapter 3 Financial Statements of a Company
• Chapter 4 Analysis of Financial Statement
• Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios
• Chapter 6 Cash Flow Statement

NCERT Solutions for Class 12

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

• Chapter 1 Accounting for Not for Profit Organisation
• Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership
• Chapter 3 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Admission of a Partner
• Chapter 4 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Retirement/Death of a Partner
• Chapter 5 Dissolution of Partnership Firm

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

• Chapter 1 Nature and Significance of Management

  Chapter 1 of Class 12 Business Studies, "Nature and Significance of Management," delves into the concept of management as a crucial process for achieving organizational goals by effectively utilizing resources. This chapter covers the core functions of management—planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. It highlights the importance of management in ensuring efficiency and the successful attainment of objectives in any organization.

  The chapter further explains management as both an art and a science, exploring how it blends creativity with systematic principles. Students will learn about the different levels of management—top, middle, and lower levels—and their distinct roles and responsibilities within an organization.

  In addition to this, the chapter emphasizes the importance of coordination in aligning the efforts of individuals and departments toward common goals. By understanding these fundamental concepts, students gain insight into how management influences the overall success and smooth functioning of organizations

• Chapter 2 Principles of Management

  Chapter 2 of Class 12 Business Studies, "Principles of Management," provides students with a deep understanding of the core principles that guide managerial decision-making and behavior. These principles are broad guidelines designed to improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness. This chapter highlights the nature and significance of management principles, emphasizing their importance in helping managers plan, organize, and control organizational activities.

  In addition to covering general management principles, the chapter explores two key management theories: Taylor's Scientific Management and Fayol's 14 Principles of Management. Taylor's approach focuses on improving productivity through scientific techniques and standardizing tasks, while Fayol’s principles emphasize areas like unity of command, division of work, and authority, among others.

  This chapter not only teaches the theoretical foundation of management but also illustrates how these principles apply to real-world business scenarios. By understanding these concepts, students can develop a structured approach to managing teams and operations in various business environments.

• Chapter 3 Business Environment

  Chapter 3 of Class 12 Business Studies, "Business Environment", provides an in-depth look at the external factors that influence an organization’s functioning. The business environment encompasses a wide range of external forces like political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental elements that impact business operations. This chapter highlights the significance of understanding these external forces to help businesses adapt and thrive in a competitive landscape.

  Key topics include the dimensions of the business environment, which offer a structured understanding of how various external factors affect an organization. The chapter also explains crucial concepts such as Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG), which shaped India's economic reforms, as well as Demonetization, its reasons, and its impact on the economy.

  By understanding the business environment, students learn the importance of staying aware of the dynamic and interconnected nature of the external world, which can create both opportunities and challenges for businesses. Through this knowledge, businesses can develop strategies to better navigate changes, meet legal and societal expectations, and seize opportunities for growth in a globalized economy.

• Chapter 4 Planning

  Planning is the foundational function in management, setting the stage for what an organization aims to achieve and how to accomplish it. This chapter provides a detailed exploration of planning, explaining its significance in helping organizations set clear objectives and devise effective strategies. It highlights the features of planning, such as being goal-oriented, pervasive, and continuous, while also acknowledging its limitations, like the possibility of rigidity and unpredictability in dynamic environments.

  Students will also learn the steps involved in the planning process, which include setting objectives, identifying alternatives, and evaluating the best course of action. Additionally, the chapter covers the different types of plans such as strategic, operational, and tactical plans, each serving specific organizational needs.

  Planning ensures systematic decision-making, guides resource allocation, and prepares organizations for future uncertainties. By learning the intricacies of planning, students gain insights into its role in driving organizational success while understanding both its power and its constraints.

• Chapter 5 Organising

  Organising is a fundamental management function that focuses on arranging resources and activities in a structured way to achieve organizational objectives effectively. This chapter introduces students to the organising process, which involves identifying and grouping tasks, assigning responsibilities, delegating authority, and establishing coordination between various departments.

  Key aspects covered include the importance of organising in ensuring clarity in roles, better coordination, and efficient resource utilization. It also explores different types of organisation structures, such as formal and informal organisations, and highlights the distinction between delegation (the process of assigning tasks and authority to subordinates) and decentralization (distributing decision-making power across different levels of the organization).

  This chapter helps students understand how organizing creates a well-defined framework within which a company can function smoothly, fostering teamwork and ensuring that organizational goals are met in a cohesive manner. With a strong focus on the structure of organizations, students will learn how effective organizing plays a pivotal role in managerial success.

• Chapter 6 Staffing

  Chapter 6 of Class 12 Business Studies, "Staffing," delves into one of the essential managerial functions that contribute significantly to an organization’s success. Staffing involves recruiting, selecting, and training the right individuals to fulfill various roles within an organization. This chapter highlights the importance of staffing in ensuring that the right people are placed in the right positions, contributing to organizational efficiency and growth.

  The chapter covers the staffing process, detailing the steps involved in identifying workforce needs, recruiting candidates, and selecting the most suitable ones. It also explains the sources of recruitment, which can be internal (within the organization) or external (from outside). Additionally, it outlines different training methods, helping employees improve their skills and perform better in their roles. A clear distinction between training (short-term skill enhancement) and development (long-term personal growth) is also discussed.
  
  Moreover, staffing is presented as a key function of Human Resource Management (HRM), responsible for aligning the workforce with the organization’s strategic goals. By ensuring that the right individuals are hired, trained, and developed, staffing plays a pivotal role in building a productive and motivated workforce. This chapter equips students with an understanding of how staffing impacts overall business operations and the long-term success of any organization.

• Chapter 7 Directing

  Chapter 7 of Business Studies focuses on "Directing," a vital managerial function that ensures employees are guided, supervised, motivated, and communicated with effectively to achieve organizational goals. The chapter highlights the importance of directing as a process that aligns employee actions with the overall objectives of the organization. It covers the key principles and elements of directing, including Supervision, Motivation, Leadership, and Communication—all of which are essential to effective management.

  Additionally, the chapter delves into the barriers that hinder effective communication and provides practical solutions to overcome them. By understanding these elements and improving communication, managers can create a work environment where employees are motivated and aligned with the organization’s goals. The insights gained from this chapter help students grasp how directing forms the backbone of successful management by fostering a cohesive and productive workforce.

  Moreover, the chapter emphasizes that effective directing not only influences individual performance but also contributes significantly to the overall efficiency and success of the organization. By mastering the art of directing, managers can drive teamwork, enhance job satisfaction, and ultimately achieve long-term organizational success.

• Chapter 8 Controlling

  Chapter 8 of Class 12 Business Studies, "Controlling," dives into the essential process of overseeing and measuring organizational performance to ensure that goals are met efficiently. This chapter provides an in-depth look at the role of controlling within business management, highlighting its importance in keeping activities aligned with planned objectives. It covers the process of controlling—setting standards, measuring performance, and taking corrective actions when necessary. Additionally, the chapter explores various managerial control techniques used to monitor performance, along with recognizing the limitations of controlling. Overall, "Controlling" is key for students to understand how effective oversight supports organizational success, keeping goals, resources, and strategies aligned. This section will prove beneficial for exam preparation, concept revision, and deepening knowledge of business management principles.

• Chapter 9 Financial Management

  Chapter 9 of Class 12 Business Studies, "Financial Management," is an essential guide to understanding the management of financial resources within an organization. This chapter covers the core aspects of financial management, which includes the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of funds to achieve organizational goals efficiently. Key areas include the importance and objectives of financial management, which ensure funds are used effectively for growth and profitability.

  Students will learn about financial decision-making, including investment, financing, and dividend decisions, as well as financial planning to secure resources for future needs. The chapter also explores the concepts of capital structure and differentiates between fixed and working capital, explaining the factors that influence an organization’s capital requirements. This chapter serves as a foundation for understanding how financial strategies are formed, helping students grasp the importance of financial decisions in building a stable and thriving organization.

• Chapter 10 Financial Markets

  Chapter 10, "Financial Markets," introduces students to the crucial role financial markets play in the economy by facilitating the exchange of financial assets. This chapter covers key concepts like the Money Market and Capital Market, explaining their distinct roles in short-term and long-term financing. Additionally, it details the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), emphasizing SEBI's objectives and functions in regulating markets to protect investors and maintain transparency. Students will gain insight into financial markets' structure, the interdependence of different market types, and how financial markets connect with broader business management practices, highlighting the importance of both regulation and market efficiency for economic growth.

• Chapter 11 Marketing

  This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of marketing, a crucial aspect of business management, outlining its principles, functions, and philosophies. It introduces the essentials of marketing, highlighting its features, objectives, and the concept of the marketing mix, often summarized as the 4Ps: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Students learn how these elements work together to meet customer needs and achieve organizational goals. Additionally, the chapter covers the differences between advertising and personal selling, emphasizing their unique roles in promoting products and building customer relationships. This comprehensive guide helps students understand marketing as a dynamic, customer-centered function essential to organizational success.

• Chapter 12 Consumer Protection

  This guide serves as a comprehensive resource for Chapter 8, "Consumer Protection," in Class 12 Business Studies. The chapter emphasizes the significance of protecting consumer rights and responsibilities, detailing the various mechanisms in place to ensure their safety and well-being. Students will learn about the legal framework governing consumer protection, including the roles of redressal agencies established under the Consumer Protection Act. Additionally, the chapter highlights the vital contributions of consumer organizations and NGOs in advocating for consumer rights. Understanding consumer protection is crucial not only for safeguarding individual interests but also for promoting fair trade practices, enhancing market confidence, and fostering a responsible business environment.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Hindi

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Hindi covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

• Chapter 1 Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisation

  Not-for-Profit Organisations refer to the organisations that are used for the welfare of the society and are set up as charitable institutions which function without any profit motive. Their main aim is to provide service to a specific group or the public at large. The main objective of keeping records in such organisations is to meet the statutory requirement and help them in exercising control over utilisation of their funds. The main sources of their income are subscriptions from members, donations, financial assistance from the government and income from investments. Most of their transactions are in cash or through the bank.They also maintain a ledger containing the accounts of all incomes, expenses, assets and liabilities which facilitates the preparation of financial statements at the end of the accounting period.

• Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership : Basic Concepts

  Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 defines partnership as the ‘relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all’. Essential features of partnership are: 1) Two or More Persons. 2) Agreement 3) Business 4) Mutual Agency 5) Sharing of Profit 6) Liability of Partners

• Chapter 3 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm - Admission of a Partner

  Modes of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm, Admission of a new partner, new profit sharing ratio,Sacrificing ration,Goodwill, adjustment for accumulated profits and losses, revaluation of assets and reassessment of Liabilities,Adjustment of Capitals,Change in profit sharing ratio among the existing partners.

• Chapter 4 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm - Retirement/Death of a Partner

  Modes of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm, Admission of a new partner, new profit sharing ratio,Sacrificing ration,Goodwill, adjustment for accumulated profits and losses, revaluation of assets and reassessment of Liabilities,Adjustment of Capitals,Change in profit sharing ratio among the existing partners.

• Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm

  Dissolution of Partnership, Dissolution of a Firm, Settlement of Accounts, Accounting Treatment.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

• Chapter 1 The Solid State

  From this chapter, you will be able to describe general characteristics of solid state. You will also be able to distinguish between amorphous and crystalline solids along with their classification on the basis of the nature of binding forces. Definition of crystal lattice and unit cell is also given. Close packing of particles is also explained. Description of different types of voids and close packed structures is also given. You will also be able to calculate the packing efficiency of different types of cubic unit cells. Correlation of the density of a substance with its unit cell properties is also given. Description of the imperfections in solids and their effect on properties is also given. Correlation of the electrical and magnetic properties of solids and their structures is also done.

• Chapter 2 Solutions

  In our day to day life, we rarely come across pure substances. Most of these contain homogenous mixtures of two or more pure substances. During summer after returning home from work it feels refreshing to have a glass of lemon juice. What is it actually? It is nothing but a mixture of salt, sugar, lemon juice in water. It is a solution. A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more components. The component present in larger quantity is referred to as solvent and the components present in smaller quantity is referred to as solute. In this chapter we will study different types of solutions, liquid solution, properties of the solutions and various alternatives in which concentrations of a solute can be expressed in solution. You will also be able to distinguish between ideal and non-ideal solutions. Explanations of Henry's law and Raoult's law are also given.

• Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

  Electrochemistry deals with the study of production of electricity from chemical energy produced in a chemical reaction and the use of electrical energy to bring out non spontaneous chemical transformations. Description of electrochemical cells and difference between galvanic and electrolytic cells is also given. Application of Nernst equation for calculating the emf of galvanic cells is also given. Derivation of relation between standard potential of cell, Gibbs energy of cell reaction and its equilibrium constant is also carried out. Definition of resistivity, conductivity and molar conductivity of ionic solutions is also given. Difference between ionic and electronic conductivity is also done along with its method of measurement. Justification of variation of conductivity and molar conductivity of solutions with change in their concentration is also given.

• Chapter 4 Chemical Kinetics

  Chemical kinetics is that branch of chemistry which deals with the study of the rate of chemical reaction. In this chapter, you will be dealing with the average and instantaneous rate of reaction, the factors such as temperature, pressure, concentration and catalyst which affect the rate of reactions. Differences between elementary and complex reactions are also given. Differences between molecularity and order of a reaction are also given. Description of collision theory and derivation of integrated rate of equations for the zero and first order reactions along- with determination of its rate constants.

• Chapter 5 Surface Chemistry

  Surface chemistry is that branch of chemistry which deals with the study of phenomena occurring at the surfaces or interfaces. The surface or interface is represented by pulling a hyphen or slash between the two bulk phases involved i.e. liquid-liquid, solid-solid or liquid/solid, solid/liquid etc. Definition and mechanism of adsorption alongwith its classification into physical and chemical adsorption. Enumeration of the nature of colloidal state along with the preparation, properties, purification and uses of colloids are also given.

• Chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

  Elements are the basic unit of all types of matter in this universe. Some of the elements occur in free state while some in combined state in the earth's crust. In this chapter, you will be studying about minerals and ores, concentration, benefaction, calcination, roasting and refining etc. You will also understand the principles of oxidation and reduction as applied to the extraction procedures.

• Chapter 7 The p-Block Elements

  From this chapter, you will be able to appreciate general trends in the chemistry of elements of groups 15-18. You will also be able to learn the preparation, properties and uses of dinitrogen, phosphorus, dioxygen, ozone and some of their important compounds. You will also be able to know allotropic forms of sulphur and its important compounds along with the structures of its oxoacids. Description of the preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid alongwith the structures of oxoacids of halogens.

• Chapter 8 The d-and f-Block Elements

  The name transition metals and inner transition metals are often used to infer as d- and f- block elements, the name transition is given because it lies between s and p block. In this chapter, you will be able to know electronic configurations and general characteristics of d- and f- block elements. Description of the preparation, properties, structures and uses of some important compounds is also given. Description of the properties of the f-block elements and a comparative account of the lanthanoids and actinoids with respect to their electronic configurations, oxidation states and chemical behaviour.

• Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

  Transition metals have one of the important abilities to form complex compounds in which the metal atoms are bound to a number of ions or neutral molecules by coordinate bonds. Such compounds are called coordinate compounds. In this unit, you will study different aspects of coordination compounds including their nomenclature and applications. You will also appreciate the postulates of Werner's theory of coordination compounds. You will also be able to understand the nature of bonding in coordination compounds in terms of the Valence Bond and Crystal Field theories.

• Chapter 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

  From this chapter, you will be able to name haloalkanes and haloarenes according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature from their given structures. Description of the reactions involved in the preparation of haloalkanes, haloarenes and understand various reactions that they go through. Correlation of the structures of haloalkanes and haloarenes with various types of reactions is also given. Use of stereochemistry as a tool for understanding the reaction mechanism. Highlighting the environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds.

• Chapter 11 Alcohols Phenols and Ethers

  From this chapter, you will be able to name alcohols, phenols and ethers according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature. Discuss the reactions involved in the preparation of alcohols from alkenes, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. Discuss the reactions involved in the preparation of phenols from Haloarenes, benzene, sulphonic acids, diazonium salts and cumene. Discuss the reactions for preparation of ethers from alcohols, alkyl halides and sodium all oxides/aryloxides. Correlation of physical properties of alcohols, phenols and ethers with their structures are also given.

• Chapter 12 Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

  From this chapter, you will be able to write the common and IUPAC names of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. You will also be able to write the structures of the compounds containing functional groups namely carbonyl and carboxyl groups. Description of the important methods of preparation and reactions of these classes of compounds.  Correlation of physical properties and chemical reactions of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids with their structures. Explanation of mechanism of a few selected reactions of aldehydes and ketones are also given. You will also be able to understand various factors affecting the acidity of carboxylic acids and their reactions. Description of the uses of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids are also given.

• Chapter 13 Amines

  From this chapter, you will be able to describe amines as derivatives of ammonia having a pyramidal structure. Classification and differences of amines as primary, secondary and tertiary. Naming of amines by common names and IUPAC system. Description of some of the important methods of preparation of amines, diazonium salts and their importance in the synthesis of a series of aromatic compounds including azo dyes.

• Chapter 14 Biomolecules

  The most noticeable characteristic of a living system is that it grows, sustains and reproduces itself. Another most amazing fact about the living system is that it is composed of non-living atoms and molecules. The living systems are made up of various organic compounds called biomolecules. The various biomolecules are carbohydrates, proteins lipids, enzymes, nucleic acids, hormones etc. Differences between DNA and RNA are also established.

• Chapter 15 Polymers

  Polymers are referred to as macromolecules, which are formed by joining or repeating structural units on a large scale. From this chapter, you will also be able to explain the terms - monomer, polymer and polymerization. Differences between various classes of polymers and different types of polymerization processes are also established. Description of the preparation of some important synthetic polymers and their properties. You will also be able to appreciate the formation of polymers from mono- and bi- functional monomer molecules.

• Chapter 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life

  Chemistry has influenced our life so much that we don't even realize that in our daily life we come across chemicals at every moment. In this unit, we will discuss the application of chemistry in these important areas such as medicines, food materials and cleansing agents. We will also be able to explain term chemotherapy, drug-target interaction of enzymes and receptors and how various types of drugs function in the body. We will also be able to know about artificial sweetening agents and food preservatives.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

• Chapter 1 Electric Charges and Field

  In the first chapter, you will study about the electric charges, fields, and areas in which they are functional. In fact, Physics NCERT Class 12 covers almost all the electric charges types that have been found till now. Also, study the detailed discussion about the transference of electrons along an electric field, electric charges additivity, conservation, quantization, theorems and laws associated with electric charges and electric fields, Gauss; Law, etc. At the end of the lesson answer the questions from the chapter to understand how well you have understood the topic.

• Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

  The second chapter of Class 12 Physics introduces you to Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance. Different electric fields possess varying electrostatic potential. This chapter informs you about the electric potential and its applications, potential difference, equipotential surfaces, the electrical potential energy of charges in an electrostatic field, etc. This chapter is comprised of a number of formulae and terms associated with the electrostatic potential. There are questions related to this topic at the end of the chapter for you to work out.

• Chapter 3 Current Electricity

  In the third chapter in NCERT Class 12 Physics, you will study about Current Electricity. The third chapter of Class 12 Physics consists of 15 different topics, all of which you need to study well. The chapter teaches you about the concept of electric current, the flow of electric charges in a liquid and metallic conductor. The concept of electrical resistance, V-I characteristics, The Kirchhoff’s law and its applications, Ohm’s Law, potentiometer – principle and its applications, Wheatstone bridge, and meter bridge topics. Saralstudy provides the solution of Physics Class 12 with solved questions and explained formulae to assist you in understanding the chapter.

• Chapter 4 Moving Charges and Magnetism

  In the fourth chapter of Physics NCERT Class 12, you will study about the Moving Charges and Magnetism. This chapter consists of 11 different topics. In this chapter, you will learn about the magnetic force, knowledge about motion along with a magnetic field, the Biot-Savart’s Law, Ampere’s Circuital Law, Solenoid and Toroid motion, the relationship among µ0, ɛ0 and c, the concept of torque, moving coil galvanometer etc.

• Chapter 5 Magnetism and Matter

  Magnetism and Matter is the fifth chapter of class 12th Physics. It consists of seven topics in total. This chapter explains you about the terms like the magnetism of earth and the property of magnetism present in various materials. You also get to learn about Magnetism and Gauss’ Law in more detail, Electrostatic Analogue, the concept of torque on a magnetic dipole; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines, etc. SaralStudy provides you with the detailed information on all the topics so that you will not have any queries left unanswered after finishing this chapter on this site.

• Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Induction

  In the sixth chapter of Physics NCERT Class 12, you get to learn about electromagnetic induction. This chapter contains a bit of the previous chapter’s information about magnetism and matter too. The chapter comprises ten topics in total, and teach you about the concept of magnetic induction, magnetic flux, inductance, eddy currents and a lot more. You will also get to learn about Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction, Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, and Lenz’s Law in this chapter.

• Chapter 7 Alternating Current

  The seventh chapter of NCERT class 12 Physics has only nine topics in all. You get detailed knowledge and understanding about alternating currents and its application in resistor, LCR series circuit, peak and RMS value of alternating voltage, reactance, impedance, LC oscillations, resonance and power in AC circuits, AC generator and transformer, watt-less current, etc. At the end of the chapter, you will find exercises for you to solve.

• Chapter 8 Electromagnetic Waves

  This eighth chapter in Class 12 Physics is inclusive of three different topics. All of these three topics; displacement current, electromagnetic waves, and the electromagnetic spectrum are interrelated and based on the common concept of magnetism. The chapter comprises the different electromagnetic waves which include microwaves, x-rays, radio waves and also their usage in practical life, Maxwell’s Equation, the frequency of the different electromagnetic waves and their wavelengths, etc.

• Chapter 9 Ray Optics And Optical Instruments

  You will get to learn about the optical instruments in use, spherical mirrors, and their activities in reflecting as well as refracting light, mirror formula, optical fibres, thin lens formula, etc in the ninth chapter of Class 12 Physics. This chapter also teaches you about microscopes and astronomical telescopes and their magnifying powers.

• Chapter 10 Wave Optics

  Moving ahead from ray optics, the tenth chapter in Physics Class 12 consists of the knowledge of wave optics and its properties. Here you will learn about the Huygens Principle and its different applications in refraction and reflection of plane waves, Polarisation and interference of light waves, Young’s experiment and the applications of wave optics, Brewster’s law, the concept of resolving power, etc.

• Chapter 11 Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter

  The eleventh chapter in the Class 12 Physics NCERT book, you study about the nature of radiation and the properties. This chapter also teaches you about the photoelectric effects of light, dual nature of radiation, photoelectric equation of Einstein, the Wave Theory, Wave Nature of matters around us, Energy quantum of radiation, etc. Saralstudy provides you with the detailed reference solutions ready for you for understanding the chapters completely.

• Chapter 12 Atoms

  The twelfth chapter reaches the detailed discussion about atoms, and explains about alpha-particle, Rutherford’s model of an atom, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. This chapter consists of six topics. Studying this chapter makes you understand the most basic structure of our surrounding.

• Chapter 13 Nuclei

  The thirteenth chapter of NCERT Physics for Class 12 teaches about the nuclei. This chapter explains about the nucleus of an atom and energy, kits size, force, atomic masses, radioactivity, radioactive particles and their properties, and radioactive decay law, isotopes, isobars, isotones, the mass-energy relation, nuclear fission, fusion, the radioactivity properties, etc. 


• Chapter 14 Semiconductor Electronics

  This fourteenth and second last chapter has eleven topics and makes you aware of the differentiation between extrinsic and intrinsic semiconductors, energy bands and their  I-V characteristics, diodes, and types of diodes and their characteristics and uses of diodes, junction transistor and characteristics of a transistor and application. Here you also get knowledge about the concept of analog and digital signals, logic gates. Solving the question at the end of the chapter will tell you how well you have learned them with NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics.

• Chapter 15 Communication Systems Physics

  The last chapter of the book of NCERT Physics Class 12, tell you about the communication systems and this chapter comprises of ten topics. Communication System tells you about the three basic elements of a communication system, bandwidth of signals and transmission medium, concept of wave propagation, satellite communication, propagation of electromagnetic waves, amplitude modulation. There is an exercise at the end of this chapter for the final check of your progress. With the help of Saralstudy, you can the easy learning and more accurate solutions of NCERT Physics Class 12.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

• Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

  We have seen a diversity of living organisms around us. Different varieties of organisms are some microscopic and huge animals but common in all is they have to reproduce for maintaining their species. Some question always arises in my mind, How do organisms reproduce, what are the ways? They reproduce in the same manner? Do they have some special organ for reproduction? Let cover all these in all this chapter.

• Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

  Maximum of as purchase plants or planets from the vendor and put into our garden. Have you ever thought about how the plant produces flowers, seeds and fruits? Plants can reproduce by vegetative propagule asexually but flower is part that is involved in sexual reproduction. For that they need to transfer the gamete known as pollination. Have you ever noticed that insects always visit the attracted flower. This is one of the steps followed by plants to attain Reproduction. In this chapter let us read and understand the sexual reproduction in plants.

• Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

  Adolescence is the period of stress and strome, during this phase of life there are many physical and hormonal changes occur that leads initiate sexual maturity. In male sperm production starts and in females eggs are released during the menstrual cycle. This is the basis for reproduction in humans. The sperm and ova come in contact, zygote formation occurs later implantation and finally a new individual is formed.

• Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

  Government and non governmental organisations initiated many programmes to aware people about family planning. There are different methods and devices through which a couple can use to avoid unwanted pregnancy. As we all know India has the second largest population due to which our country is facing many problems like unemployment, fetal death and maternal death and many more. There are many couples all over the world that are infertile. In this chapter we will read about many assisted reproductive technologies that are used to resolve infertility.

• Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

  Resemblance of kids to their parents are but Natural. Do all kids or progeny just look like their parents or they are morphologically completely different. Body shapes, height, colour of eye, hair pattern all are not always the same to the parent. This is due to sexual reproduction during Zygote formation; genes present in chromosomes are responsible for the characteristic feature. Mendel the father of genetics first time ever included statistics in biology and concluded the transfer of character from one generation to another explains that some factors are responsible for inheritance.

• Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

  Genetic is all about nucleic acid i.e. DNA and RNA. In DNA different genes are present that code for a particular character. Different scientist contributed their effort to explain that DNA is genetic material which is inherited from generation to generation. In this chapter we will understand the molecular level of what chromosomes are made of. How the gene are regulated, What is the human genome Project, DNA fingerprinting and many more.

• Chapter 7 Evolution

  Mystery yet to understand who came first? Egg or hen likewise who is the first man on the earth and so on. But there is certain evidence that explains the evolution of organisms into another. This is due to a change in environment which was best explained by Charles Drawin in his theory of Natural selection. Evolution, which is a slow and gradual change that leads into this modern era is explained by a few examples in this chapter.

• Chapter 8 Human Health and Disease

  Everyone is concerned about their health. Health is a state of body with social mental, physical and reproductively fit. If we are healthy we can be disease free. But disease free doesn't mean a healthy person. Diseases are caused by pathogens to fit with these and our body has an immune system. We will discuss how our body fights with these pathogens, and how antibodies are prepared for vaccines. One of the most important aspects is drugs and alcohol. Drugs if consumed, how it affects and its side effects.

• Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

  Our country is the second most populus country of the world for food and and supply to all is the most challenging task to achieve this many fool resources programme are inculcated to improve the production of food to make them available for all the country people. Each and every area of the food sector implemented different technology based on genetic engineering for large scale production, with quality of food is also the most focused area of concern. Tissue culture is major area of research for improvement of food resources.

• Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare

  Yet we know that microbes cause several diseases but microbes are beneficial too. Microbes are used in medicine, beverage industry, food factories and many more. We will study that different microbes are used for preparing antibiotics, they are the best substitute for Antibiotic production in large quantities. Most importantly, we heard water is contaminated by microbes. But certain microbes are used in sewage plants to purify water.

• Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Process

  Biotechnology is one of the best technologies for the well being of humans, which means biology and technology. The combinations of these created a broad area of research to modify the genome of organisms to make then transgenic. Till now many Genetically modified organisms are prepared successfully. In this chapter we will discuss the tools of recombinant DNA technology. Processes individual in making organisms transgenic. This process involves restriction enzymes, ligases plasmid for the recombinant DNA.

• Chapter 12 Biotechnology and its Application

  As we have already learnt biotechnology now in this chapter we will reveal more about its application in the field of agriculture, such as GMO plants e.g. Bt cotton Pest resistant plants, used also in medicine for production of insulin, Gene Therapy and molecular diagnosis and many more. Indian Government has set up organisations known as Genetic engineering approval committee who look after all the safety introducing for public welfare, so as to prevent the illegal use of this technology.

• Chapter 13 Organisms and Population

  Earth is a fascinating planet with diversity of organisms, their habitat, body structure, all physiological activity directly or indirectly depends on their environment. Earths tropic level have maximum number of diversity due to no seasonal change, climate remains constant whereas polar regions have minimum diversity due to very colder areas. Organisms adapted themselves according to their environment in polar regions animals have short external ears and limbs to reduce heat loss they undergo hibernation. In hotter climates the organism like snail, frog etc undergo aestivation so as to cope with the environment condition and continue the life. Organism interact with other for their requirement. This interaction is the basis of ecological balance on our planet.

• Chapter 14 Ecosystem

  Interaction between biotic and abiotic components creates our ecosystem and balance between these two components maintain our ecological balance, biogeochemical cycle. Flow of energy from one organism to another is continuous through the food chain and its network forming the food web. This is the beauty of our nature for maintaining life on this earth. In which major role is performed by decomposers, they are not mentioned in any of the food chain, without decomposers the ecological balance and nutrient cycle cannot be maintained. Decomposition is a slow process which involves certain steps such as fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification and mineralisation.

• Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation

  On this amazing Earth millions of other species share with humans. The varieties are immense and their beauty reveals our nature making Earth a fascinating planet. Yet there are many species to be discovere. But these beautiful creatures have been badly affected by human activity. In the last few decades many of the species are extinct and some are threatened of extinction. This is a major area of concern for the sustainable management of the species and all Creatures of the earth, Government world wide initiated many programmes to conserve our biodiversity as each and every species values us.

• Chapter 16 Environmental Issues

  Advancement of technologies and increasing population has adverse effects on our environment day after day the pollution increases as more and more harmful chemicals are being used by humans for their benefit but they only see one face the other is more - dangerous to face that is leading to deadly disease and vanishing our biodiversity. This chapter explains the effect of pollution which leads to rise in temperature that is too deleterious to change in our environment. Many methods are developed to cope with the situation but yet more to come. Together we can resolve the problem of pollution & their effect.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Mathematics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Mathematics covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

• Chapter 1 Relations and Functions

  Fundamentals of relations and functions are already known to us such as their definitions, types, graphs, domain and range, ete. In this chapter, we will study these topics in detail. Once we come and over these topics further chapters of our curriculum will be easily understood. Topics of this chapter are - types of relations : reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations, one to one and onto functions, inverse of a function, composite functions, Binary operations.

• Chapter 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

  In the previous chapter, types of functions are mentioned. If the function is not one-one, onto or both, then its inverse does not exist. This is the primary condition for inverse which must be fulfilled. Knowledge of the domain of range which we acquired earlier would help us in this chapter for graphing of inverse trigonometric functions. Trigonometric functions which are not one-one, onto or both will not be discussed. It has wide applications in engineering and other science related branches. This chapter consists of range, domain and principle value branches, graphs, elementary properties.

• Chapter 3 Matrices

  Matrix is one of the most fundamental chapters of Mathematics, which will help us not only in mathematics but also in other branches like mechanics, optics, computer science, etc. It solves tedious calculations very easily. Topics incorporated in this chapter are notation, order, types and equality of matrix, zero matrix, transpose, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices, addition and multiplication of matrices, properties, row and column operations, Invertible matrices and proof of uniqueness of inverse, if it exists.

• Chapter 4 Determinants

  Determinant is a continuation of the previous chapter matrix. Matrix and determinant are the core topics of algebra. These will help us to solve many algebraic linear equations very easily. Matrix and determinants both are interlinked. Topics which are covered in this chapter - determinant of a square matrix (upto 3x3), minors. cofactors, finding the area of triangle, adjoint and inverse of square matrix, consistency & inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equation, solving system of linear equation in two or three variables using inverse of a matrix.

• Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability

  In the previous class, introduction of limits and derivatives was given. That was basically a calculus introduction. This chapter is a continuation of it. We will study about differentiation of functions. New functions like exponential and logarithmic functions will be introduced. This chapter consists of continuity and differentiability. derivative of a composite function, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions and implicit functions, logarithmic differentiation, parametric forms of derivative of functions, second order derivatives, Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean value theorems.

• Chapter 6 Application of Derivatives

  In the previous chapter, we studied about differentiation of different types of functions. Now applications of derivatives in various disciplines like science will be discussed. This will also help us to find approximate values of certain quantities. Topics of discussion will be - rate of change of objects, increasing & decreasing functions, tangents and normals, use of derivatives in approximation, maxima and minima and some real life situations.

• Chapter 7 Integrals

  Integration is an inverse process of differentiation. In this chapter, we will learn how to find the integral of a function. Its knowledge in calculus is very much needed for finding the areas under curves, etc. This chapter consists of integration of a variety of functions by substitutions, by parts and by partial fractions. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum , fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals.

• Chapter 8 Application of Integrals

  In this chapter, we will study applications of integrals to find areas bounded by curves and areas between conic sections like circles, parabola, ellipses, etc. Topics which include - areas under simple curves, especially lines, areas of conic sections in standard form only, the region should be clearly identifiable.

• Chapter 9 Differential Equations

  In this chapter, we will shidy about differential equations and their solutions. Concepts of differential equations will help us in this class and also in higher studies. It has many applications in other branches like science, algebra, etc. Key topics of this chapter are - definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions, formation of differential equaňon whose general solution is given, method of separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and degree.

• Chapter 10 Vector Algebra

  Quantities which have only magnitude are called scalars. But quantities that involve magnitude and direction are called vectors. Discussion will be on algebra of vectors. Topics which covered in this chapter - vectors, scalars, direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector, Types of vectors, position vector of a point , negative of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, dot and cross products, scalar triple product of vectors.

• Chapter 11 Three Dimensional Geometry

  In the previous class, we studied the introduction of 3d geometry. Now, we will go in depth of its concepts. This chapter consists of direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points, coplanar and skew lines cartesian and vector equation of a line, shortest distance between two lines, cartesian and vector equation of a plane, angle between two lines; two planes; a line and a plane, distance of a point from a plane.

• Chapter 12 Linear Programming

  Linear programming is a method in which we represent problems with the help of graphs. It will enhance our practical understanding toward problems. This chapter consists of definitions of related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming problems, mathematical formulation graphical methods, feasible and infeasible regions and solutions, optimal feasible solutions.

• Chapter 13 Probability

  In this chapter, we will learn some new aspects of probability like conditional probability etc. All the concepts which we have studied in previous classes will help us in understanding these new topics in a better way. Topics which are included in this chapter - conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, Bayes theorem, total probability, random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance, Binomial distribution.