Class 11 History - Themes in World History Chapter 1: From the Beginning of Time - NCERT Solutions

After going through the positive feedback mechanism following points can
be inferred:

(a) Inputs that helped in tool making:
● Increased brain size and capacity of brain
● Upright walking
● Visual surveillance long distance
● Walking while foraging and hunting.

(b) The processes that were strengthened by tool making:

● Upright walking                                                                                                   ● Increase in size and capacity of brain
● Visual surveillance, long distance walking while foraging and hunting.

(a) Behaviour:

(b) Anatomy:

According to the Regional Continuity Model, the Homo sapiens evolved in
different regions at different rates into modern humans. So there was a variation in the first appearance of modern humans in different parts of the world. It was based on the regional differences in the features of present day humans. The advocates of this view found that the dissimilarities are due to the differences between the Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis populations of the same regions. The Regional Continuity Model does not give a convincing explanation of the archaeological evidence.

Tool making is documented in the archaeological record.

(a) Use of language helped hunting activities of human beings in numerous ways:
● Now people are in a position of organizing and managing hunting expeditions
● They are now free to exchange their ideas about different animals in different regions.
● They could now discuss the nature and behavior of animals.
● They could now discuss regarding the types of tools to be used.

(b) Language helped in constructing shelters for early humans in the following ways:
● Now people could discuss regarding secure and safe places for the construction of shelters.
● Now people could gather information about the materials used in the construction of shelter.
● Information regarding resources in and around their surroundings can be easily obtained.
● They were now in a position to discuss the means to protect their shelters in
severe conditions. Other modes: Signs, symbols, cave paintings, engraving on walls and on the ceilings of caves were the other modes of communication used for various activities.