Displacing Indigenous Peoples Question Answers: NCERT Class 11 History - Themes in World History

Native Peoples of North America.
1. South Americans were hunter-gatherers, agriculturists and herders.
2. They were simple people contended with their means.
3. The natives of South America maintained empire Native Peoples of South America.

1. In North America, native people used to live in band in villages along the river valleys.
2. They ate fish and meat and cultivated vegetables and maize.
3. The natives of North America did not maintain empire .

In the 19th century, the landscapes of America changed immensely. The Europeans treated the land in a different way. Some of the migrants from Britain and France were eager to have their own land in America. In the prairie grasslands, people from Poland were happy to work. They wanted to buy huge properties at low cost. They cleared land and developed agriculture. They introduced crops which could not grow Europe and therefore, could be sold for the profit. To protect their farms they hunted wild animals. With the invention of barbed wire in 1873 they felt totally secured.

The conquest and purchase of land by the Americans resulted in the extension of boundaries. The natives of America were compelled to move accordingly. The boundary where natives reached was known as ‘Frontier’.

 European settlers and native peoples interacted on the issue of land after the emergence of North America. They were displaced by the Europeans. Early settlers were convicts deported from England. Hence, they were unknown to the area. They had not even their own tradition and
history. Nothing has been written in American and Australian history textbooks about the native peoples. That is why the Australian native peoples were left out of history. It could be made possible
from the decade of 1960’s that native peoples started keeping their records.

A museum gallery displays the culture of a people in the following ways:

1. In museum, we seek information regarding dialects and languages.

2. Remains of pots, apparels, ornaments and other things are displayed.

3. Books, research papers, survey reports and works of historians and archaeologists are kept in the gallery of museum.

4. Icons of the ancient periods, the theology in its basic forms and coins are also found in the
museum.In fact, the museum is a storehouse of all the things symbolizing cultures of human beings from prehistoric period to the present. These things display cultures of the respective periods.

If a former African slave a Chinese labourer a German who had come out in the gold rush and a native of the Hopi tribe were to encounter each other in California in about 1880, what their conversation would seem like is mentioned below. This Chinese labourer would narrate about the contribution of the Chinese labour to the economic development of California and the west. Many industries relied heavily on Chinese labour. They came without their families and if they continued working they might never see their families again. If they returned to china, a life of poverty awaited them. He would speak of some fellow Chinese who were hired to level roadbeds, bore tunnels and blast mountain sides for railroad construction. He would recount how many of his kinsmen fell prey to numerous diseases and died due to their lack of faith in western medicines and lack of knowledge of the Chinese doctors. He would speak of the days when he used to be active in the service traders. Many Chinese men found themselves doing work that was considered women’s work in both china and the United States. They worked in occupations that served non-Chinese, such as servants and laundrymen and in occupations that crossed racial borders, such as that cook in homes, café and restaurants. The German would tell stories about how one day he discovered gold while constructing his sawmill along the American river. He performed primitive tests to confirm whether it was the precious metal and conclude that it was, in fact, gold. However, he was very anxious that the discovery does not disrupt his plans for construction and farming. Bl. He would woefully recount how his attempt at keeping the gold discovery quiet failed when the merchant and newspaper publicized the find. Large crowds of people overran the land and destroyed nearly everything he had worked for. He would recall how there was a feverish migration of workers to an area that has had a dramatic = discovery of gold deposits. Large number of American migrated and settled in California to mine for gold. The gold rush was seen as a free for all income option. While gold mining itself was unprofitable for him, he made large fortunes by turning merchant and providing transportation facilities. The ex-African slave would talk about chattel slavery that existed in the united states of\ American. He would tell how slavery had been practiced in British North American from early colonial days, and was recognized in the thirteen colonies at the time of the declaration of independence. When the United States was founded, the status was largely limited to those of African descent. A system and legacy was created in which race played an influential role. Abolitionist laws and sentiment had spread in the northern states only after the revolutionary war, while the rapid expansion of the cotton industry led to the southern states strongly identifying with slavery. While accounting for the civil war, which caused a huge disruption of southern life, many slaves either escaped of were liberated by union’s armies. The slave would let out a sigh of relief to state that the war effectively. Ended slavery, before the thirteenth amendment formally outlawed the institution throughout the United States. The Hopi tribesman women would remember the day the first formal meeting between the Hopi and the U.S government occurred in1850. Seven Hopi leaders made the trip to santa fe to meet the government representative. they wanted the government to provide protection against the Navajo, an Apachean-language tribe, but district from other apache. The U.S. government established fort defiance to deal with their threats to the Hopi. After the viewed their land as sacred. Agriculture is a very important part of their culture and their villages are spread out across the  northern part of Arizona. They never had a conception of land being bounded and divided. They lived on that their ancestors did. Even after reservation by the U.S. government, they had to fight with the Navajo over the right to land as they had different models of sustainability. He would speak about the Hopi being one of the original natives of American and how they survived throughout the period of colonization. He would talk about his faith in Christianity and how his people came to believe in it only after a father supposedly restored a child’s sight by touching a cross to his head