Class 11 NCERT Solutions for - Chapter-wise Study Material

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

Chapter 1 What is Psychology?
Chapter 2 Methods of Enquiry in Psychology
Chapter 3 The Bases of Human Behaviour
Chapter 4 Human Development
Chapter 5 Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes
Chapter 6 Learning
Chapter 7 Human Memory
Chapter 8 Thinking
Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Geography

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Geography covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sociology

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sociology covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

Chapter 1 Business, Trade and Commerce
Chapter 1, "Business, Trade, and Commerce," introduces students to fundamental economic activities that form the backbone of businesses and economies. This chapter explains the difference between economic and non-economic activities, emphasizing that only economic activities contribute directly to wealth creation. Students also learn to differentiate between business, profession, and employment, with a focus on business as a venture involving risk and profit through the provision of goods and services.

The chapter further explores the historical evolution of trade—from the barter system to contemporary trade practices. Understanding these foundational concepts enables students to see how businesses operate within larger economic systems, preparing them for more complex business studies ahead. Additionally, this chapter sets the groundwork for analyzing the importance of trade and commerce in economic development and the global marketplace.
Chapter 2 Forms of Business Organisation
Chapter 2 of Class 11 Business Studies, "Forms of Business Organisation," provides an in-depth look at various business structures, each with unique features, advantages, and limitations. This chapter covers five main types of organizations: Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Joint Hindu Family Business, Cooperative Societies, and Companies.

It explains how each form differs in terms of ownership, control, liability, and scale, helping students understand why business owners choose particular structures. Sole Proprietorship is ideal for small, individually-owned businesses, while Partnerships involve shared ownership among two or more people. Companies, known for their limited liability and separate legal identity, suit larger businesses. Cooperative Societies focus on collective benefit rather than profit, and the Joint Hindu Family Business operates based on family lineage and Hindu law.

Understanding these structures helps students grasp how factors like risk, resources, and legal obligations shape business decisions. With a strong foundation in the principles of business organization, students can better analyze which structure best meets the goals and resources of different businesses, preparing them for practical business management.
Chapter 3 Private, Public and Global Enterprises
Chapter 3 of Class 11 Business Studies, "Private, Public, and Global Enterprises," introduces the foundational types of enterprises based on ownership and objectives: Private Sector, Public Sector, and Global Enterprises. Private Sector Enterprises, owned by individuals or private groups, are primarily profit-driven and range from small businesses to large corporations, contributing to economic growth, job creation, and innovation. Public Sector Enterprises are government-owned and emphasize public welfare, offering essential services and aiming to reduce economic inequality. These include departmental undertakings, statutory corporations, and government companies like ONGC. Global Enterprises, or Multinational Corporations (MNCs), operate across multiple countries, introducing advanced technology, capital, and employment but impacting local industries and culture.

This chapter highlights the unique roles these enterprises play in economic development, illustrating how they balance public welfare with profitability. Additionally, understanding these enterprises helps students grasp the significance of responsible business practices in both local and global economies, as each type of enterprise contributes differently to national progress and economic stability.
Chapter 4 Business Services
Chapter 4 of Class 11 Business Studies, "Business Services," explores the key services that support business operations and contribute to economic development. This chapter covers five essential services: Banking, Insurance, Transportation, Warehousing, and Communication. Banking provides businesses with financial support and credit options to manage cash flow and support growth. Insurance safeguards companies against risks like theft and accidents, ensuring stability. Transportation facilitates the movement of goods and people, crucial for connecting markets and enabling trade. Warehousing offers secure storage, allowing businesses to manage inventory effectively and meet demand. Communication is also pivotal, enabling smooth information flow across various channels, which is critical in today’s globalized world.

These services not only enhance business efficiency but also play a significant role in fostering a stable business environment, aiding in economic growth, and facilitating globalization by linking markets worldwide. This chapter underscores how these services work together to enable businesses to operate smoothly, adapt to market changes, and achieve long-term success.
Chapter 5 Emerging Modes of Business
Chapter 5, Emerging Modes of Business, explores the transformative changes in business operations brought about by advancements in technology and globalization. It emphasizes how traditional business methods are being replaced or enhanced by modern practices like e-business and outsourcing, enabling companies to improve efficiency, flexibility, and customer reach. These emerging modes have reshaped industries, offering businesses the opportunity to operate on a global scale, respond quickly to market demands, and deliver better services to consumers.

However, these advancements come with challenges such as cybersecurity risks, heavy reliance on technology, and the necessity of a skilled workforce. Organizations must address these issues to stay competitive and leverage these innovative practices effectively.

Additionally, the chapter underlines the role of e-commerce in providing a platform for seamless online transactions and the significance of outsourcing in reducing operational costs and focusing on core competencies. Despite challenges, these business modes are becoming indispensable for modern enterprises striving to thrive in a dynamic and fast-paced market.
Chapter 6 Social Responsibilities of Business and Business Ethics
Chapter 6 of Class 11 Business Studies, "Social Responsibilities of Business and Business Ethics", highlights the dual role of businesses in achieving profits and contributing to societal welfare. It emphasizes the importance of addressing the interests of stakeholders such as employees, customers, investors, and the community. By balancing profit-making with ethical practices, businesses promote trust, transparency, and long-term sustainability.

The chapter also stresses the need for businesses to adopt sustainable and responsible practices that benefit both society and the economy. Ethical conduct not only enhances a business’s reputation but also fosters positive change and ensures harmonious stakeholder relationships.
Chapter 7 Formation of a Company
Chapter 7 of Class 11 Business Studies, "Formation of a Company" explains the systematic process of establishing a company while adhering to legal and procedural frameworks to ensure compliance and protect stakeholders' interests. It involves three stages: promotion, where promoters develop the business idea and arrange resources; incorporation, which includes registering the company with the Registrar of Companies by submitting documents like the Memorandum and Articles of Association to obtain the Certificate of Incorporation; and capital subscription, where public companies raise funds by inviting investors to subscribe to shares. This chapter highlights the importance of regulatory compliance and provides students with practical insights into the corporate world's mechanisms.
Chapter 8 Sources of Business Finance
Chapter 8, Sources of Business Finance, introduces students to the diverse methods businesses use to acquire funds for their financial needs. It categorizes finance based on time frame: short-term finance, used to meet immediate operational requirements, and long-term finance, required for substantial investments such as infrastructure development or business expansion.

The chapter classifies funds into owned capital, which is raised by the business owners through personal savings or equity, and borrowed capital, acquired from external sources like loans, debentures, or bonds. It further explores various funding options such as trade credit, retained earnings, public deposits, and financial institutions. Modern methods like venture capital and crowdfunding, which are increasingly significant in today's business landscape, are also discussed.

This chapter highlights the importance of selecting appropriate financing sources to support organizational growth, ensure operational efficiency, and make strategic decisions. Additionally, it emphasizes how a balanced mix of owned and borrowed funds contributes to a company’s financial stability and long-term success. Understanding these concepts prepares students for managing financial resources effectively in a business context.
Chapter 9 Small Business
Chapter 9 of Class 11 Business Studies, "Small Business and Entrepreneurship," highlights the crucial role small businesses play in driving economic growth and fostering entrepreneurship. Small businesses, characterized by their limited resources and smaller operations, significantly contribute to employment generation, regional development, and bridging the economic divide between urban and rural areas. They promote local industries, encourage self-reliance, and foster inclusive growth in the economy.

The chapter also emphasizes the importance of government initiatives, such as the MSME Development Act, which supports and promotes small enterprises. Despite their significance, small businesses face challenges like limited access to financing, outdated technology, and inadequate infrastructure. Overcoming these challenges is essential for enhancing their efficiency and long-term sustainability.

Additionally, the chapter underscores the innovative spirit of small businesses, which often leads to creative solutions and product development. It inspires students to recognize the potential of entrepreneurship in solving societal issues, fostering innovation, and contributing to a balanced and self-reliant economy. By understanding the role and challenges of small businesses, students gain insights into their importance in building a resilient and inclusive economic framework.
Chapter 10 Internal Trade
Chapter 10, Internal Trade, in Class 11 Business Studies, highlights the buying and selling of goods and services within a country's boundaries. Internal trade serves as a vital link between producers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers, ensuring a smooth flow of goods. It is categorized into wholesale trade and retail trade. Wholesalers purchase goods in bulk from producers, provide storage, and offer credit facilities to retailers, enabling efficient distribution. Retailers, on the other hand, sell goods in smaller quantities directly to consumers, catering to their diverse needs and preferences.

The chapter also sheds light on modern trends transforming retailing, such as online shopping, malls, and chain stores, which have revolutionized consumer convenience and accessibility. Challenges like credit availability, storage issues, and fair pricing are discussed, emphasizing the need for government regulations and ethical business practices to ensure smooth operations.

Additionally, internal trade plays a pivotal role in economic growth by bridging production and consumption, creating jobs, and fostering entrepreneurship. The chapter also highlights the growing importance of technology and digitization in internal trade, making it more efficient and consumer-friendly in today’s dynamic market environment.
Chapter 11 International Business
Chapter 11 of Class 11 Business Studies, International Business, introduces the concept of trading goods, services, and capital across national borders. It emphasizes the increasing significance of international trade in today's interconnected global economy, where countries depend on each other for resources, technology, and markets. The chapter elaborates on the two main forms of international business: export and import trade and contractual agreements like franchising, licensing, and joint ventures. These methods enable businesses to expand their operations globally, access larger customer bases, achieve economies of scale, and foster technological and knowledge exchange between nations.

The chapter also explores the challenges businesses face in the international arena, such as cultural differences, trade restrictions, currency fluctuations, and political risks. Additionally, it highlights the critical role of organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) in promoting fair trade practices and resolving disputes among nations.

Moreover, the chapter sheds light on how international business is a driver of economic growth, encouraging innovation and fostering global partnerships. It also prepares students to appreciate the complexities of operating in a global marketplace, emphasizing the importance of strategic planning and adaptability in managing international ventures effectively.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Hindi

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Hindi covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Economics

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Economics covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Accountancy

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Accountancy covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting
Accounting is the process of collecting, recording, summarising and communicating financial information to its users for correct decision making. Accounting is an art as well as science. Bookkeeping is a part of accounting and mainly concerned with recording of financial data. Users of accounting information may be internal users and external users. Internal users include owners, management etc, External users include Banks and financial institutions, creditors etc. Importance accounting terms are business transactions expenses all include and income all include, profit, loss, purchase, liabilities, assets, inventory etc.
Chapter 2 Theory Base of Accounting
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the basic rules which have been generally accepted by accounting all over to the world as general guidelines for preparing the accounting statements. Accounting concepts include money measurement concept dual concept, matching concept objectivity concept etc. Accounting conventions include conventions of full disclosure, convention of consistency, convention of conservatism and convention of materiality. Double entry system of accounting is based on the principle that every business transaction is recorded in at least two accounts.
Chapter 3 Recording of Transactions - 1
Bills that provide evidence of a transaction are called source documents on the basis of the source documents, entries are first recorded on the vouchers and then on the basin of the vouchers, entries are made in journal. Accounting equation means assets are equal to liabilities plus capital. Left hand side records sources of funds (liabilities), while right hand side records application of funds (Assets).
Chapter 4 Recording of Transactions - 2
Special purpose books include cash book sales book, sales return book, purchase book purchase return book, bills receivable book, bills payable book and journal proper. Single column cash book itself is a cash account. Bank overdraft is a situation in which cash drawn from the bank exceeds the amount of deposits. Contra entry is an entry which is recorded on both sides of the cash book. Advantages of a petty cash book are that the burden of the main cash book is reduced, helps in preparation of ledger accounts, etc. Cash is maintained on the basis of ordinary system or imprest system.
Chapter 5 Bank Reconciliation Statement
A Bank reconciliation statement is a document that matches the cash balance on a company balance sheet to the corresponding amount on its bank statement. They also help detect fraud and any cash manipulations.
Chapter 6 Trail Balance and Rectification of Errors
A trial balance is a statement showing the balances, or total of debits and credits, of all the accounts in the ledger with a view to verify the arithmetical accuracy of posting into the ledger accounts. The task of preparing the statements is simplified because the accountant can take the balances of all accounts from the trial balance instead of going through the whole ledger. The trial balance is prepared to fulfill the following objectives : 1) To ascertain the arithmetical accuracy of the ledger accounts. 2) To help in locating errors. 3) To help in the preparation of the financial statements. (Profit & Loss account and Balance Sheet).
Chapter 7 Depreciation, Provisions and Reserves
"Depreciation" means decline in the value of a fixed asset due to use, passage of time or obsolescence. In other words, if a business enterprise procures a machine and uses it in the production process then the value of the machine declines with its usage. Depreciation may be described as a permanent, continuing and gradual shrinkage in the book value of fixed assets. It is based on the cost of assets consumed in a business and not on its market value.
Chapter 8 Bill of Exchange
According to the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881, a bill of exchange is defined as an instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.
Chapter 9 Financial Statements - 1
The financial statements provide a summary of the accounts of a business enterprises the balance sheet reflecting the assets liabilities and capital as on a certain date and income statement showing the result of operations during a certain period. Capital expenditure is an expenditure benefit of which is discussed over a number of years, expenditure shown in the balance sheet. Deferred Revenue expenditure are those expenses whose benefits expand more than one accounting period not as long as capital is expenditure.
Chapter 10 Financial Statements - 2
Since final accounts are prepared on an actual basis, this is a need for adjustment. Closing stock is the goods lying unsold at the end of the current accounting period. It is shown in the trading account and assets side of the balance sheet. Such expenses are shown in a profit and loss account and liabilities side of the balance sheet. Prepaid expenses are the expenses which have been paid in advance during the current financial year. Such expenses are shown in the assets side of the balance sheet and deducted from the concerned expenses in trading and profit & loss accounts.
Chapter 11 Accounts from Incomplete Records
Accounts from incomplete records, is a system of bookkeeping in which accounting records are not kept according to the double entry principle of bookkeeping; it is called a single entry system. It is a simple method suitable for small businesses and there is no need for the knowledge of principles of book keeping etc. The difference between the opening capital and closing capital profit earned during the year. The difference between opening capital and closing capital is the profit earned during the year.
Chapter 12 Applications of Computers in Accounting
A computer is an electronic device, which is capable of performing a variety of operations as directed by a set of instructions. This set of instruments are capable of instrument is instructions is called a computer programme or software. Computer components that can be physically touched such as keyboard, C.P.U, monitor, mouse etc. are known as computer hardware limitations of computer systems include lack of common issue of sense, lack of own intelligence etc. Components of the computer system are input, central processing unit and output.
Chapter 13 Computerised Accounting System
A computerised accounting system (CAS) refers to use of computers in performing accounting function with the help of application softwares i.e. accounting softwares. Need of computerised accounting varies with numerous transactions, instant reporting, flexible reporting reduction is paperwork, on-line facility, accuracy and security etc.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
From this chapter, you will understand the role of chemistry in different spheres of life. You will also understand characteristics of three states of matter. You can also classify substances into elements,compounds and mixtures. You can explain various laws of chemical combination along with description of mole and molar mass.You will also be able to determine empirical formula and molecular formula for a compound from the given experimental data.
Chapter 2 Structure of Atom
In this chapter, you will know about the discovery of electrons, protons and neutrons alongwith their characteristics. This chapter also contains the description of Thomson,Rutherford and Bohr atomic model. Through this chapter you will also understand the important features of the quantum mechanical model of atoms. You will also understand the nature of electromagnetic radiation and Planck's quantum theory. It also explains the photoelectric effect and describes features of atomic spectra. It also states the de Broglie relation and Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It also defines an atomic orbital in terms of quantum numbers. The chapter also states aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity and writes the electronic configurations of atoms.
Chapter 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
From this chapter, you will be able to appreciate the concept of grouping elements in accordance to their properties led to the development of the Periodic Table. You can also understand the Periodic Table and the significance of atomic number and electronic configuration. You can also name the elements according to IUPAC nomenclature and classify elements into s, p, d, f blocks. You will also be able to recognise the periodic trends in physical and chemical properties of elements. You can also compare the reactivity of elements and correlate it with their occurrence in nature. You can also explain the relationship between ionization enthalpy and metallic character.Use of scientific vocabulary appropriately to communicate ideas related to certain important properties of atoms are also known.
Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Through this chapter, you can understand Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical Bonding. You can also explain the octet rule and its limitations, draw Lewis structures of simple molecules and the formation of different types of bonds. You will also be able to describe the VSEPR theory and predict the geometry of simple molecules. You can also explain the valence bond approach for the formation of covalent bonds. You can also predict the directional properties of covalent bonds and explain the concept of hydrogen bond. Description of molecular orbital theory of homo-nuclear diatomic molecules is also given. Explanation of different types of hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals is also given.
Chapter 5 States of Matter
This chapter explains about the existence of different states of matter in terms of balance between intermolecular forces and thermal energy of particles .The chapter also explains the laws governing behaviour of ideal gases along with their application in various real life situations. It also explains the behaviour of real gases along with the conditions required for real gases. It also provides the difference between gaseous state and vapours. It also explains properties of liquids in terms of intermolecular attractions.
Chapter 6 Thermodynamics
This chapter explains the terms - system and surroundings. It also helps in discriminating between close, open and isolated systems. It also gives explanation about internal energy, work and heat. It also states first law of thermodynamics and express it mathematically. Calculation of energy changes as work and heat contributions in chemical systems are also carried out. It also explains state functions - U, H along with their correlation and experimental measures. Calculation of enthalpy changes for various types of reactions can also be carried out. It also states Hess's law of constant heat summation along with its application. It also helps in differentiating between extensive and intensive properties. Definition of spontaneous and non -spontaneous processes are also given. Explanation of entropy as a thermodynamic state function and its application for spontaneity is also given. It also explains Gibbs energy change and establishes relationship between Gibbs energy change and spontaneity.
Chapter 7 Equilibrium
From this chapter, you will learn about the identification of the dynamic nature of equilibrium involved in physical and chemical processes along with the characteristics of equilibria. It also states the law of equilibrium. You will also learn about the expression for equilibrium constants and will also be able to establish relationships between them. It also gives explanations about various factors that affect the equilibrium state of reaction. It also gives classification of acids and bases as weak or strong in terms of their ionization constants. It also provides an explanation of dependence of degree of ionization on concentration of the electrolyte and that of the common ion. Description of pH scale for representing hydrogen ion concentration is also given. Explanation of ionization of water and its dual role as acid and base is also given. Description of ionic product and calculation of solubility product constant is also mentioned.
Chapter 8 Redox Reactions
From this chapter, you will be able to identify redox reactions as a class of reactions in which oxidation and reduction reactions occur simultaneously. It also defines the terms oxidation, reduction, oxidant (oxidising agent) and reductant (reducing agent). It also explains the mechanism of redox reactions by the electron transfer process. It also uses the concept of oxidation number to identify oxidant and reductant in a reaction. It also classifies redox reaction into combination (synthesis), decomposition, displacement and disproportionation reactions. It also suggests a comparative order among various reductants and oxidants. It balances chemical equations using (i) oxidation number (ii) half reaction method. You will also learn the concept of redox reactions in terms of electrode processes.
Chapter 9 Hydrogen
From this chapter, you will be able to present informed opinions on the position of hydrogen in the periodic table. You can also identify the modes of occurrence and preparation of dihydrogen on a small and commercial scale. Description of isotopes of hydrogen and how different elements combine with hydrogen to form ionic, molecular and non stoichiometric compounds. You will also be able to understand the structure of water and use the knowledge for explaining physical and chemical properties.Explanation of how environmental water quality depends on a variety of dissolved substances and difference between hard and soft water is also given.You will also acquire the knowledge about heavy water and its importance. You will also understand the structure of hydrogen peroxide,learn its preparatory methods and properties leading to the manufacture of useful chemicals and cleaning of the environment. You will also understand the use of certain terms like electron-deficient, electron-precise, electron-rich, hydrogen economy, hydrogenation etc.
Chapter 10 The s Block Elements
In this chapter, a description of general characteristics of the alkali metals and their compounds is given. It also explains the general characteristics of the alkaline earth metals and their compounds. It also gives description of the manufacture, properties and uses of industrially important sodium and calcium compounds including Portland cement. It also appreciates the biological significance of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium.
Chapter 11 The p Block Elements
From this chapter, you will be able to appreciate the general trends in the chemistry of p-block elements. Description of the trends in physical and chemical properties of group 13 and 14 elements is given. Explanation of anomalous behaviour of boron and carbon along with its allotropic forms is also given. You will be able to know the chemistry of some important compounds of boron, carbon and silicon. The list of important uses of group 13 and 14 elements and their compounds.
Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques
From this chapter, you will be able to understand reasons for tetravalence of carbon and shapes of organic molecules. You can also write structures of organic molecules in various ways alongwith classification of organic compounds. You can also name the compounds according to IUPAC systems of nomenclature and also derive their structures from the given names. You can also understand the concept of organic reaction mechanism. You can also explain the influence of electronic displacements on structure and reactivity of organic compounds. You can also recognise the types of organic reactions and learn the techniques of purification of organic compounds. You can also write the chemical reactions involved in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds.
Chapter 13 Hydrocarbons
From this chapter, you will be able to name hydrocarbons according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature. You can also recognise and write structures of isomers of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons. You can also learn about various methods of preparation of hydrocarbons. You can also distinguish between alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons on the basis of physical and chemical properties. You can also draw and differentiate between various conformations of ethane. You can also appreciate the role of hydrocarbons as sources of energy and for other industrial applications. You can also predict the formation of the additional products or unsymmetrical alkenes and alkynes on the basis of electronic mechanism. You can also comprehend the structure of benzene, explain aromaticity and understand the mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene. You can also predict the directive influence of substituents in monosubstituted benzene rings. You can also learn about carcinogenicity and toxicity.
Chapter 14 Environmental Chemistry
From this chapter, you will be able to understand the meaning of environmental chemistry. You can also define atmospheric pollution, list reasons for global warming, greenhouse effect and acid rain. You can also identify causes for ozone layer depletion and its effects. You can also give reasons for water pollution and know about international standards for drinking water. You can also describe causes of soil pollution. You can also suggest and adopt strategies for control of environmental pollution. You can also appreciate the importance of green chemistry in day to day life.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

Chapter 1 Physical World
Chapter 2 Unit and measurment
Chapter 3 Motion in a straight Line
Chapter 4 Motion in a Plane
Chapter 5 Laws of Motion
Chapter 6 Work Energy and Power
Chapter 7 System of Particles and Rotational Motion
Chapter 8 Gravitation
Chapter 9 Mechanical Properties of Solids
Chapter 10 Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Chapter 11 Thermal properties of Matter
Chapter 12 Thermodynamics
Chapter 13 Kinetic Theory
Chapter 14 Oscillations
Chapter 15 Waves

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

Chapter 1 The Living World
As the name simplifies this chapter is all about the living creature on this earth. Each organism is different from the other to a lesser or greater extent. Here we will discuss the criteria of the living organism, their identification, classifications and nomenclature i.e. their taxonomy, why organisms are grouped into some category or other.
Chapter 2 Biological Classification
A few letter word diversity is itself a huge variation of a living creature. Have you ever thought of the life form that surrounds us? This is the beauty of nature. In this chapter we will focussed an the R.H. Whittaker biological classification of living organisms. He classified it into 5 kingdoms monera, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia. Here some are microscopic and some are huge but all are living creatures. Whereas no place in biological classification for viruses. What does this mean do viruses non living. You have heard of different viral diseases that mean they have a tendency to multiply with living cells. This is because viruses when outside the host they are non living but when comes in contact with the host body it becomes living. This is a peculiar feature of the virus.
Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom
From the very beginning we studied about plants as they are autotrophs. They prepare their own food since plants are of diverse form as aquatic, herb, shrubs, trees according to the habitat they adapted to specific features. The first level of classification among plants depends whether they have well differentiated parts and secondly on the presence of vascular tissue and finally on the basis of ability if seed persistence. Kingdom plantae is classified into 5 division i.e. Thallophyta, Bryophytes, pteridophyte, gymnosperm, angiosperm and this chapter focus on their life cycle pattern.
Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom
Animals are the heterotrophs they can locomote from one place to another. This is very general that we have studied yet but many more features to explore. In this chapter we will discuss the different phylum and different physiological function. Most important is the body design and differentiation of varieties of animal. According to body design they are classified as porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes and many more.
Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants
Term morphology is the study of external or physical appearance of plants. The parts we see like flowers, leafs, stem, root are the morphological parts of plants. Wide varieties of plants are in our surrounding adapted to different physical features according to the habitat. Some are herbs like grass and huge trees like Eucalyptus with different patterns of leaf, root. In this chapter we will focus on the type of the root, leaf, stem and inflorescence. Seed producing plants are classified as monocot and dicot. Both of them have different types of root system and pattern of arrangement of leaf on stem. Yet one more important aspect is the modification of leaf stem. As we can see in cactus the fleshy leaf like structure is a modified stem known as phylloclade and different other features are explained in this chapter.
Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants
This chapter is focussed on the of anatomy of the angiosperm which means the study of internal structure. The plants are made of plant cells and they are grouped to form tissue. Plant tissue that the tendency of cell division is meristematic tissue due to which the growth of plant parts remains continuous. Later the meristematic tissue becomes permanent. Permanent tissue is of two types: simple permanent and complex permanent. Internally the plant has a different arrangement of cell. That determines its shape and size. Monocots do not have well developed vascular tissue in comparison with dicot plants. Monocot leaf, stem and roots are distinct from dicot in various forms this is explained in anatomy of flowering plants.
Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals
In the previous chapter we have discussed plant tissue but animals have varieties of tissue that provides them a typical structure and enables them to perform various functions. In this chapter we understand the animals tissues it type and their function and morphological anatomical structure including alimentary canal, nervous system, reproductive structure and excretory structure of earthworm, cockroach and frog. This helps to provide knowledge about various animals, what are the physiological functions that help to survive.
Chapter 8 Cell: The Unit of Life
Cells, honeycomb like structure or compartment are the basis of life. So interesting this was little tiny cell control and coordinate to perform various vital functions. Within the cell very minute structure called cell organelles are present and play their specific role like mitochondria known as powerhouse of the cell nucleus as brain of the cell and others with more important function. The cells have capacity for division mitosis and meiosis. This chapter makes us understand how chromosomes divide and distribute in daughter cells.
Chapter 9 Biomolecules
As discussed above the organism is made of cells. They perform vital function. The cells are made of organic macromolecule through these number of metabolic activities that occur and lead the building block of our body. These biomolecules are carbohydrate, protein, lipids, vitamins, nucleic acid etc. In this chapter we will get information regarding the linkage of carbohydrate i.e. glycosidic bond , protein linkage ie. peptide bond and more. Only 20 amino acids are yet known as the combination as these 20 amino acids make millions of proteins, protein are the building block unit of the cell. Emphasis on nucleic acid on how these formed their structure and functions.
Chapter 10 Cell cycle and Cell Division
The fundamental unit of life the cell plays a vital functions one of which is its division. For this the cell enters into an interphase which is 95% of the cell cycle and 5% is the division phase or M phase. There are two type of cell division first is mitosis which is also called equational division because the same number of Chromosomes are present in the parental cell and newly formed daughter cell. Second type is meiosis which is a reductional division where the chromosome from diploid in the mother cell gets reduced into a haploid or half set of chromosomes that only occur in the reproductive cell. While reading this chapter it will be more clear and understandable how step by step the cell undergoes various chromosomal change and finally new daughter cells are formed.
Chapter 11 Transport in Plants
For all the living creatures whether they are microscopic organism plants or animals, everyone needs nutrients for their survival. Plants are stationary and can not locomote yet very interestingly plant adapted the various modes of transport of food, water and essential minerals. Transportation is performed by vascular bundles xylem and phloem. Xylem helps in unidirectional flow of water and minerals from ground through root and transport to various parts of plants. Whereas the food prepared by the leaves through photosynthesis is translocated to various plant parts through phloem. In this chapter we will come to know the various mechanisms of transportation of water and food.
Chapter 12 Mineral Nutirtion
Minerals are the naturally occurring substances that are essential less or more to the metabolic activities in living organisms. Minerals are the growth factors to the plants also. If plants do not get sufficient amounts of nutrients it leads to deficiency disease like necrosis, immature fall, yellow leaf curling of leaf, stunted growth etc. some nutrients are required in less quantity; they are known as micronutrients but if they are required in large quantities they are said to be macronutrients. If in case the nutrient gets rich or uptake of nutrient is more than that of standard value it leads to toxicity like other organism plants also need balanced amounts of nutrient. In this chapter we will come to know different metal on and nonmetal ions are used by plant growth and deficiency and toxicity affect the plant growth and cause of disease.
Chapter 13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
From our childhood we are knowing about plants are autotrophs they synthesize their own food by the process of photosynthesis. This chapter will help us to reveal photosynthesis more in detail where and how the process occurs and what is the role of chlorophyll. How chlorophyll trap sunlight, what are the role of photosystem P680 and 700. What is actually step by step process how the co2 uptake occurs which to its reduction and finally the carbohydrate are formed. Formation of carbon compounds are explained through C3 cycle or Calvin cycle, C4 cycle.
Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants
Stomata are the tiny pores present on the surface of the leaf for exchange of gases. plant uptakes co2 from the atmosphere and releases oxygen from the stomatal pore. In this chapter we will discuss glycolysis breaking down 6 carbon compound glucose into 3 carbon. Pyruvic acid and Tricarboxylic acid cycle and Electron transport chain in detail.
Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development
Growth and development means increase in size and maturity of the plant respectively. There are certain growth regulators that control the growth and development of plants. In this chapter we will study the geometric and arithmetic growth model with different phytohormone like auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene with this we will focus on photoperiodism and vernalisation. These two phenomenon are influenced by abiotic components like farther is based on intensity of light period and later one on cold temperature. We will come to know about interaction of abiotic components with plants.
Chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption
Animals are heterotrophs, they feed on others to get nutrients for survival. Different organisms had adapted various methods of intaking food. In this chapter we will discuss human digestion and absorption. Humans get food from plant and animal products that are rich in certain and might contain essential nutrients like carbohydrate, protein, lipids, and vitamins for various metabolic activities. In this chapter the main areas of focus is digestive gland and how digestion of different macromolecules occurs and is absorbed by the intestine. Regulatory mechanism and disorders.
Chapter 17 Breathing and Exchange of Gasses
In the previous chapter we discussed breaking down food into simpler substances like glucose, amino acid and fatty acid. Each and every physiological activities in our body is interconnected to each other. We know about breathing, inhaling oxygen and exhaling of co2. How efficiently our body organ coordinates ,digested foods comes into blood and the air inhaled through the respiratory tract reaches to lungs and finally to the blood where oxidation of food occurs to produce energy for various vital functions of the body. This chapter covers the respiratory system of the human, function of different parts of the respiratory system, Breathing mechanism, Regulatory mechanism on and Disorder of respiratory system.
Chapter 18 Body Fluids and Circulation
Blood is one of the connective tissues, a body fluid that performs various functions like transportation of nutrients, exchange of gases removal of waste material. This chapter covers the component of blood, blood vessels, circulation, of blood, structure of heart, working of heart completing cardiac cycle one cardiac cycle complete less than one second producing heart sound lub and dub due to closure of tricuspid and bicuspid second sound due to closure of semilunar valve respectively. Here in this chapter electrocardiograph explains the electrical activity of the heart which is used for clinical diagnosis of heart. Regulatory mechanism of heart activity and disorder of the circulatory system.
Chapter 19 Excretory products and their Elimination
Human body produces various harmful substances due to different metabolic activities that have to be removed by our body such as urea,Uric acid ,ammonia ,co2 etc. This work is performed by the kidney, lungs and skin. The nitrogenous waste like urea, uric acid and ammonia are removed and filtered from the blood through the kidney. Various organisms have different excretory organs like protonephridia, nephridia, green gland, malphigian tubule and the most advanced or complex one is kidney. This chapter focus on the structure of the kidney, it unit nephron ,countercurrent mechanism the process of concentration of urine. Regulatory mechanisms like rennin. angiotensin mechanism and disorders of excretory system.
Chapter 20 Locomotion and Movement
These chapters make us feel very excited how animals can move their hand, neck and other body parts so they can locomote from one place to another. Movement and locomotion can be done by contraction and relaxation of muscle. In this chapter we will come to know about the type of muscle and their function. Smooth muscles perform involuntary action whereas unsmooth muscles or straited muscle perform voluntary action. Here we will also understand the mechanism of muscle contraction most common is the sliding filament mechanism. Role of actin and Myosin in contraction. Human skeletal system various types of bones and the joint and disorder of muscular system.
Chapter 21 Neural Control and Coordination
Humans are the most advanced mammals. Humans can memorise, think, create , feel the sense all the work done is through our brain. In this chapter we will cover the Human Nervous system, Brain, Spinal cord and the nerve that arises from them. In your previous class you have read about a unit of the nervous system is neuron or nerve cell. These nerve cells are the longest cells in humans and perform the function of transmission of signal from brain to other part or from other part of body towards brain. Chapter reveals the structure of the brain and their parts. Brain works still when we are in sleep, we see with the eye, we smell with the nose and other senses but Brain interprets what we see, the taste, smell and feel. Here we will also cover the structure and working of the human eye and ear.
Chapter 22 Chemical Coordination and Integration
In the previous chapter we discussed the nervous system and its working but control and coordination in the organism is incomplete without an endocrine system or hormonal system. Both these systems work in synchronised manner to make all physiological functions to perform. Digestion, respiration, reproduction to all are regulated Neurally and chemically by these two systems. This chapter will surprise you with how metabolic activities are controlled by hormones. These chemical messages are responsible for growth, respiratory process, digestion and other. There are various type of hormone made of protein aminoacid and steroid. These hormones bind with receptors and regulate various mechanisms.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Mathematics

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Mathematics covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

Chapter 1 Sets
Set plays a very crucial role in understanding the fundamentals of mathematics. To be precise, a set is an assembling or collection of items. With the concept of set, we can analyse many real life situations and other branches like biology, computer science, engineering etc. in a better way. It consists of set representation, finite and non-finite sets, equal sets, universal set, subset, venn diagrams, Union and intersection, complement of set, etc. It forms the basis for relation and functions. Venn diagrams are pictorial representations of sets as closed curves.
Chapter 2 Relations & Functions
With the knowledge of relations and functions, you can associare different pairs of objects from two sets which are represented as closed - curves. Basically they derive a relation between two objects. Functions are nothing but a special type of relation. This chapter consists of ordered pairs, cartesian product of sets, finding the number of elements, domain, co-domain , Range of functions. Real valued functions like polynomial, signum, etc. and their graphs. Idea of function is very much needed for association of one object to a particular type of object.
Chapter 3 Trignometric Functions
In previous class, we have discussed basic identities, trigonometric ratios and their applications in finding the distances between two real life objects. Now we extend the concept of trigonometric ratios to trigonometric functions. In this chapter, we will discuss about measurement of angles, conversion of angles from radian to degree and vice-versa, Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle, signs of functions in quadrants, domain, range and graph of functions, sum & product formulas, multiple angles formulas. General Solution of trigonometric equations.
Chapter 4 Principle of Mathemetical Induction
This chapter is all about proving the given statement is true or not by the process of induction. We deal with natural numbers because it is the least inductive subset of real numbers. Least inductive means it has the least fixed point for an operation definable by a positive formula for some natural number n. In this chapter, we will discuss the principle of mathematical induction and its simple applications.
Chapter 5 Complex Number & Quadratic Equations
Upto now, we are very much familiar with real numbers. But in solving quadratic equations, real numbers have no answer about -1 i.e, square root of negative numbers. Set of real numbers is a subset of complex numbers. Complex numbers give answers to these questions. This chapter consists of algebraic properties of complex numbers, argand plane , polar representation of complex numbers , fundamental theorem of algebra , Solution of quadratic equations in complex number systems. Square root of a complex number.
Chapter 6 Linear Inequalities
We are familiar with equations, which we get when a polynomial equates to some constant. But when this equals sign replaced with greater than or less than sign, we get inequalities. Not only in maths, it has some real life applications like how many products should be produced for maximisation of profit and comparison of heights of two persons, etc. This chapter consists of linear inequalities, algebraic solution of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on number line, Graphical solution of linear inequalities and system of linear inequalities in two variables.
Chapter 7 Permutations & Combinations
When it comes to counting or arranging the things, we can do it manually but for that data should not be very large. When the data is large then we have to adopt some methods. These methods will be discussed in this chapter. Permutation is a form of arrangement of 'n' items taking 'y' at a time. Combination is the number of ways for choosing 'r' items out of 'n' items. This chapter consists of fundamental principle of counting, factorial (n!), permutation and combination and derivation of their formulae and their connections, also their simple applications.
Chapter 8 Bionomial Theorem
An algebraic expression containing two terms and connected by (+) & (-) operation is called binomial. When small positive powers are raised to a binomial it can be solved manually. For higher powers it becomes very difficult to solve. But the binomial theorem helps to solve expressions which have large powers. It has many applications like in permutation and combination, probability, etc. The topics which are included in this chapter - proof of binomial theorem for positive integral indices, Pascal's triangle, general and middle term in binomial expansion and its applications.
Chapter 9 Sequence and Series
Sequence is a collection of objects taken one by one in which repetitions may present but order matters. It can have any number of terms. When these terms are added it is called a series. We get some general expressions to solve sequences and series. It solves very tedious calculations which are very difficult to solve manually. This chapter consists of arithmetic progression and mean, geometric progression and mean, general terms, sum of n terms, arithmetic and geometric series, infinite G.P, relation between A.M and G.M, some special series.
Chapter 10 Straight Lines
In earlier classes, you have read about lines in the Euclid geometry section. That is just an introduction but now we go in depth of lines and its various aspects. Concepts of lines are very essential to know about conics and 2d-3d geometry, which we will discuss later. This chapter consists of basics of 2d geometry, shifting of origin, slope of line, angle between two lines, various forms of equation of line point - slope form slope intercept form, two points form, intercept form, normal form, etc., general equation of line, distance of a point from a line, equation of family of lines.
Chapter 11 Conic Secrtions
We are familiar with various concepts of lines, now we have to know about conic section. For various sections of cones like circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola etc. we need to go through the details of this chapter. The knowledge which we gain through it has great importance. These figures are related to our real life also like the shape of an egg is elliptical. It will be very interesting to know about them. This chapter has topics such as circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point, a straight line, a pair of intersecting lines as a degenerate case of a conic section, standard equations of sections of cone.
Chapter 12 Introduction to 3 dimensional Geometry
After the knowledge of 2d geometry, it is time to add a new dimension to the geometry after that it is called 3d geometry. This is just an introduction but details of this chapter is in the next class. This chapter is for basics. This chapter consists of coordinate axis and coordinate planes in three dimensions, coordinates of a point, distance between two points and section formula.
Chapter 13 Limits And Derivatives
This chapter is an introduction for a branch called calculus. Calculus is that branch of mathematics which is associated with the study of change in the value of functions as the points of domain change. This chapter will help us to understand differentiation and integration which we study in next class. Topics of this chapter are limit of function introduced as rate of change of distance function and its geometric meaning, definition of derivative, derivatives of sum, difference product and quotient of functions, derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions.
Chapter 14 Mathematical Reasoning
If we consider mathematics, there are mainly two types of reasoning - 1) Inductive reasoning, 2.) Deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is studied in principle of mathematical induction. Deductive reasoning will be discussed in this chapter. Examples or situations in this chapter mostly related to real life and some with mathematics. This chapter consists of mathematically acceptable statements, connecting words/phrases - "it and only if", "implies”, "and/or", "implied by", "there exists” and their use through variety of examples related to real life and mathematics, difference between contradiction, converse and contrapositive.
Chapter 15 Stastistics
This branch of Mathematics deals with a large number of data. When data is large it is very difficult to handle and we can not reach the exact result if we do it manually. Some methods are necessary for this and these methods will be provided in this chapter. Some topics are studied in earlier classes such as 8,9,10. Now, we extend our periphery. This chapter consists of measures of dispersion; mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data, analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances.
Chapter 16 Probability
Before happening at any event, we can only think about the possibilities of happening but we cannot be sure about it until it happens. This chapter has always been an interesting topic in Mathematics. We are familiar with the basics of probability in earlier classes. Now some advanced topics will be discussed. These topics are random experiments; outcomes, sample spaces, occurrence of events, 'not', 'and' & 'or’ events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events. Probability of an event, probability of 'not', 'and' & ‘or’ events, axiomatic probability.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11