For either the Virashaivas or the sants of Maharashtra, discuss their attitude towards caste.
The attitude of virashaivas towards the castes were as follows:
- They reacted to the temple worship.
- Virashaivas argued very strongly and practically for the equality of all human beings.
- They rejected brahmanical ideas about the casteism and treatment of women.
What were the major teachings of Baba Guru Nanak?
What were the major beliefs and practices of the Sufis?
Why do you think many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices?
What were the major ideas expressed by Kabir? How did he express these?
Describe the beliefs and practices of the Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis.
The Buddha namghar
Shankaradeva worship of Vishnu
Nizamuddin Auliya questioned social differences
Nayanars Sufi saint
Alvars worship of Shiva
Why do you think ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai?
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Shankara was an advocate of ————-.
(b) Ramanuja was influenced by the —————.
(c) ————, ———— and ———— were advocates of Virashaivism.
(d) ———————— was an important centre of the Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra.
Who was considered a “foreigner” in the past?
Match the following:
Gurjara-Pratiharas Western Deccan
Rashtrakutas Bengal
Palas Gujarat and Rajasthan
Cholas Tamil Nadu
Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?
Match the following:
mansab Marwar
Mongol governor
Sisodiya Rajput Uzbeg
Rathor Rajput Mewar
Nur Jahan rank
subadar Jahangir
How is the “trabeate” principle of architecture different from the “arcuate”?
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The Rajarajeshvara temple was built in ———.
(b) Ajmer is associated with the Sufi saint ————.
(c) Hampi was the capital of the ———— Empire.
(d) The Dutch established a settlement at ———— in Andhra Pradesh.
Match the following:
garh khel
tanda chaurasi
labourer caravan
clan Garha Katanga
Sib Singh Ahom state
Durgawati paik
Anantavarman Kerala
Jagannatha Bengal
Mahodayapuram Orissa
Lilatilakam Kangra
Mangalakavya Puri
Miniature Kerala
Match the following:
subadar a revenue farmer
faujdar a high noble
ijaradar provincial governor
misl Maratha peasant warriors
chauth a Mughal military commander
kunbis a band of Sikh warriors
umara tax levied by the Marathas
State whether true or false:
(a) We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.
(b) The Marathas asserted their political importance during this period.
(c) Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of agricultural settlements.
(d) Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and Kashmir.
What role did the Yamuna play in the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad?
Why do you think towns grew around temples?
List some of the technological changes associated with this period.
In what ways was craft production in cities like Calcutta different from that in cities like Thanjavur?
Who were the major patrons of Kathak?
What kind of irrigation works were developed in the Tamil region?
How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?
Why were temples built in Bengal?
How were the affairs of jatis regulated?
According to the “circle of justice”, why was it important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind?