Welcome to SaralStudy’s Weekly Current Affairs roundup for the week of 10th March to 16th March. This week witnessed several noteworthy events shaping the political, economic, and scientific landscapes globally and nationally. From major government announcements and international developments to achievements in sports, technology, and culture, we’ve compiled all the essential updates to help you stay informed.
Weekly Current Affairs – 10 March to 16 March
Whether you’re preparing for competitive exams or just want to stay updated with the latest happenings, this comprehensive summary has got you covered. Dive in and keep yourself ahead with the key highlights of this week!
For All Competitive & Government Job Examinations
We earn a commission if you make a purchase, at no additional cost to you.
1. Hantavirus
Recently, Hantavirus has made headlines once again when it caused the death of Gene Hackman’s wife, Betsy Arakawa. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious and rare infectious disease that spreads primarily through rodents. In this article, we will discuss hantavirus in detail, including its symptoms, transmission, treatment and common questions.
About Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare infectious disease that begins with flu-like symptoms and can rapidly develop into a severe illness. The disease is caused by various strains of hantavirus, which can cause life-threatening lung and heart problems.
Symptoms
Hantavirus symptoms often begin with fatigue, fever, and muscle aches. Next, headache, dizziness, chills, and stomach problems may develop. If respiratory symptoms develop, the mortality rate is about 38%.
Transmission
Hantavirus is mainly spread by rodents such as mice and rats. It does not spread from person to person. Infection usually occurs by inhaling the airborne hantavirus from rodent urine, feces or saliva.
Although it is rare, it can also spread through rodent bites or scratches. Therefore, it is important that people avoid coming in contact with rodents and take care of the cleanliness of their surroundings.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. However, early medical assistance can help if a serious disease develops. If a person experiences symptoms of hantavirus, they should seek medical help immediately.
Prevention Measures to Prevent Hantavirus
Some important measures to prevent Hantavirus are:
Avoid rodents: Keep your home and surrounding area clean so that rodents cannot come.
Safe food: Keep food in a safe place and do not leave it in the open.
Cleaning: Wear gloves and use a mask while cleaning rodent urine and feces.
Professional help: If there is a rodent problem in your area, seek professional help.
Frequently Asked Questions Related to Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Question 1: Is hantavirus disease curable?
Answer: There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection.
Question 2: Is hantavirus pulmonary syndrome a zoonotic disease?
Answer: Yes, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a zoonotic disease, which means it can spread from animals to humans.
Question 3: What is the incubation period of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
Answer: The incubation period of HPS is 9 to 33 days, with the average being 14-17 days.
2. Sharavati Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project
The Sharavati Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project (PSHP) in Karnataka is an important power project based on the Sharavati River. The project is not only a major source of energy generation for the state but its environmental impact and corruption allegations have also been a topic of discussion. In this article, we will discuss various aspects of the project, including its features, environmental concerns and corruption allegations .
About Sharavati Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project
The Sharavati Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project is a pumped storage power project on the Sharavati River in Karnataka. The project is the largest pumped storage power generation unit in the country with a total power generation capacity of 2000 MW.
Project Features
- Reservoir: The project will be built between two existing reservoirs. The Talakala Dam, which is 62.48 m high, will be the upper reservoir, while the Gerusoppa Dam, which is about 64 m high, will be the lower reservoir.
- Water Management: Water will be pumped upstream using grid power during off-season and released down to generate electricity during peak demand.
- Drinking Water Supply : The project also aims to supply drinking water to Bengaluru which adds to its importance.
- Important Structures: The project consists of five tunnels and eight pumping stations which are essential for its operation .
Key Facts About Sharavati River
Sharavati River is located in the western region of Karnataka and is one of the few rivers in India that flows in the west direction .
River Course
- Origin: The river originates in the Western Ghats and flows in the northwest direction to merge into the Arabian Sea at Honnavar in Uttara Kannada district.
- Length: The length of the river is 128 km, and its basin covers 2,985 sq km.
- Waterfalls: The Sharavati Falls, one of the highest waterfalls in India, comes in the course of the river, where it falls from a height of 253 meters.
Major Tributaries
The major tributaries of the Sharavati River are: Nandihole, Haridravathi, Mavinhole, Hilakunji, Yennehole, Hurlihole and Nagodihole.
Environmental Concerns
The construction of the Sharavati Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project may have several negative impacts on the environment.
- Ecological Damage: Land use change and construction of reservoirs for the project may affect the local ecosystem.
- Climate Change: Construction of reservoirs may exacerbate the effects of climate change, leading to changes in the local climate .
- Impact on Local Communities : The lifestyle and resources of local communities may also be negatively affected due to the project .
Allegations of Corruption
Allegations of corruption have also surfaced in connection with the Sharavati Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project .
- Irregularities : There have been allegations of irregularities in the project contracts and tenders, raising doubts about whether the correct procedure has been followed .
- Involvement of local leaders : Some local leaders are alleged to have misused their position for the benefit of the project , leading to corruption .
- Need for investigation : Given the gravity of these allegations, there is a need for an independent investigation to ensure transparency and take action against the guilty .
Conclusion
The Sharavati Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project in Karnataka is an important energy source but its environmental impact and corruption allegations are serious concerns .
Need for balance: It is necessary to balance the pros and cons of the project so as to minimise its impact on the environment and local communities.
3. Shingles
A recent global survey has revealed that most people above 50 years of age in India are unaware of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) disease, while they are at high risk for this disease. This survey focuses on the lack of health awareness and its potential health risks. In this article, we will discuss about Shingles disease in detail, focusing on its symptoms, causes, prevention and treatment measures.
About Shingles
The varicella-zoster virus is the causing factor of shingles. The virus that causes chickenpox is the same virus. When a person has chickenpox in childhood, their body fights off the virus, but the virus remains in the body forever. In adulthood, this virus can become active again and manifest as shingles.
Shingles symptoms
Shingles symptoms include:
- Pain and itching: The first symptoms of shingles are pain and itching, usually in one part of the body.
- Blisters: Painful blisters or rashes appear on the skin, usually in the form of a band.
- Other symptoms: Fever, headache, chills, and fatigue may also occur.
Although shingles is rarely fatal, it can cause excruciating discomfort. The most common complication is post-herpetic neuralgia, which causes pain long after the blisters have cleared.
Causes of Shingles
The main cause of shingles is the varicella-zoster virus. When a person has chickenpox, the virus remains latent in their body. With aging, or when a person’s immune system is weakened, the virus can reactivate and cause shingles.
Is shingles contagious?
Shingles is not contagious, but the virus can spread to people who have never had chickenpox. If this happens, they will have chickenpox, not shingles. Therefore, a person with shingles should take precautions, especially around people who have not had chickenpox.
Prevention
An effective way to prevent shingles is the vaccine. A vaccine called Shingrix is available, which helps prevent shingles and its complications. This vaccine is especially recommended for people over the age of 50, as this age group is at a higher risk of shingles.
Treatment
There is no sure cure for shingles, but antiviral medications can reduce its severity and duration. If treatment is started early, it can help reduce the symptoms of shingles. Apart from this, painkillers can also be helpful in reducing pain.
Frequently Asked Questions Related to Shingles Disease
Question 1: What is the main cause of shingles?
Answer: The main cause of shingles is the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox.
Question 2: What is the vaccine for shingles?
Answer: A vaccine called Shingrix is available, which helps prevent shingles.
Question 3: Do people recover completely from shingles?
Answer: Yes, most people recover completely from shingles.
4. Commission on the Status of Women
Union Minister Annapurna Devi has recently announced that she will lead India’s delegation to the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) at the United Nations. This commission is a premier global intergovernmental body for gender equality, women’s rights and their empowerment. In this article, we will discuss the history of the commission, its work, the Beijing Declaration and the role of Annapurna Devi.
About the Commission
The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) is a premier global intergovernmental body dedicated exclusively to promoting gender equality, women’s rights and empowerment. It is part of the United Nations and works to promote women’s political, economic, civil, social and educational rights.
History of the Commission
The CSW was established on 21 June 1946 as a functional commission of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The Commission plays a key role in promoting the rights of women and girls, documenting the reality of their lives and shaping global standards of gender equality and empowerment.
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action
In 1995, 189 countries adopted the Beijing Declaration and Plan of Action, the most comprehensive and transformative global agenda for gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. In 1996, ECOSOC expanded the mandate of the Commission and decided to give it a leading role in monitoring and reviewing the progress of implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Plan of Action.
Annual Sessions
During CSW’s annual two-week session, representatives from UN Member States, civil society organizations and UN entities gather at UN Headquarters in New York. They discuss progress and gaps in the implementation of the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Plan of Action.
Recent Developments
This year’s session will run from March 10 to 21, with the participation of representatives from member states, intergovernmental organizations, civil society and the private sector. The steps taken for gender equality and women’s empowerment will be reviewed in this session.
Role of Annpurna Devi
Union Minister Annapurna Devi will present India’s national statement to the Commission, highlighting the government’s initiatives for the overall development of women and girls. She will participate in discussions to accelerate the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.
Steps taken for women’s rights
The Government of India has taken many important steps for women’s rights and empowerment. These include various schemes for women’s safety, education, health and economic empowerment. Annapurna Devi’s leadership is an important step in this direction, which will be helpful in promoting women’s rights globally.
Conclusion
The leadership of Union Minister Annapurna Devi and the activities of the Commission are an important step for women’s rights and empowerment. It will be helpful in promoting gender equality not only for India but also globally. Through this session, India will show its commitment that it is continuously working towards promoting women’s rights and their empowerment.
Annapurna Devi’s role is important in this direction, as she will not only represent India but will also actively participate in discussions on women’s issues at the global forum. This session can set a new direction for women’s rights and help take necessary steps to ensure gender equality at the global level.
Thus, this session of the Commission on the Status of Women is not only an important occasion for women’s rights, but it is also an inspiration for all countries to take concrete steps for women’s empowerment at their own level.
FAQs Related to the Commission
Question 1: What is the objective of the Commission on the Status of Women?
Answer: It is dedicated to promoting gender equality, women’s rights and empowerment.
Question 2: What is the Beijing Declaration and Plan of Action?
Answer: It is the most comprehensive and transformative global agenda for gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls.
Question 3: What is the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)?
Answer: It is one of the six main organs of the United Nations (UN), established in 1945 under the UN Charter.
5. Madhav National Park
Madhav National Park, located in Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh, has recently received the status of India’s 58th tiger reserve. This park is not only the new home of tigers, but it is also a wonderful example of biodiversity and natural beauty. In this article, we will discuss in detail about the history, location, flora, fauna, aquatic life and recent developments of Madhav National Park.
Location
Madhav National Park is located in Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh, on the northern edge of the central highlands of India. It is part of the Upper Vindhya Hills, which has a mix of plateaus and valleys. The place is famous for its natural beauty and diversity of wildlife.
History
The history of Madhav National Park is rich and interesting. The park was a hunting ground for the Mughal emperors and the Maharajas of Gwalior. It was established as Madhav Bharat National Park in 1955 and received the status of a national park in 1958. In 1959, it was renamed Madhav National Park. The history of this park not only reflects its natural beauty, but it is also an important part of Indian royal culture.
Area
The initial area of Madhav National Park was 64 square miles (165 sq km). Later, it was extended to 137 square miles (355 sq km) with expansion towards the east. This area provides a safe habitat for wildlife and is a tourist attraction.
Vegetation
The forests of Madhav National Park fall into the category of northern tropical dry deciduous mixed forests and dry thorny forests. Species like Kardai, Salai, Dhora, and Khair are found here. This vegetation not only balances the ecosystem but also provides an important habitat for wildlife.
Fauna
A variety of fauna are found in Madhav National Park. It is home to antelopes like nilgai, chinkara, and chausingha and deer like chital, sambar, and barking deer. Apart from this, animals like leopard, wolf, jackal, fox, wild dog, wild boar, kandak and python can also be seen here. This park is an important place for fauna diversity.
Aquatic Life
Madhav National Park also has a rich diversity of aquatic life. There are lakes like Sakhi Sagar and Madhav Sagar, which provide a lifeline for aquatic biodiversity and terrestrial species. These lakes are not only a part of the natural beauty but also a center of attraction for tourists.
Madhav National Park FAQs
Question 1: What is Madhav National Park famous for?
Answer: It is famous for diverse wildlife, historical hunting grounds of Mughal emperors and Maharajas, scenic lakes, bird watching and rich biodiversity.
Question 2: Which river flows in Madhav National Park?
Answer: The Manir and Sindh rivers flow through Madhav National Park, forming lakes like Sakya Sagar and Madhav Sagar.
Question 3: What type of forest is found in Madhav National Park?
Answer: Northern tropical dry deciduous mixed forest and dry thorn forest, which includes species like Kardai, Salai, Dhora and Khair.
Question 4: Is Madhav National Park a tiger reserve?
Answer: Yes, Madhav National Park is a tiger reserve.
Question 5: Which national highway passes through Madhav National Park?
Answer: NH-25 (Old Jhansi Road) and NH-3 (Agra-Mumbai Road) pass through Madhav National Park.
Conclusion
The development of Madhav National Park as a tiger reserve will not only boost the biodiversity of the area but will also become a new attraction for tourists. This park is not only important for the conservation of wildlife but it is also helpful in maintaining environmental balance.
Thus, the development of Madhav National Park as a tiger reserve is a positive step, which will not only strengthen the local ecology but will also provide a unique experience to the tourists. It is an inspiration for everyone to contribute to the conservation of natural resources and keep striving to maintain biodiversity.
6. La Nina
Amid the increasing effects of climate change, scientists have warned that La Nina, an important climate pattern, is no longer as effective. This information has come to light in a recent study, which suggests that the effectiveness of La Nina may decrease in a warmer future. In this article, we will discuss about La Nina, its causes, effects and its impacts on India.
About La Nina
La Nina is a climate pattern that describes the cooling of surface-sea waters along the tropical west coast of South America. This pattern is the opposite of El Nino, which is characterized by unusually warm sea temperatures in the flat region of the Pacific Ocean.
La Nina and El Nino, together form the “cold” (La Nina) and “warm” (El Nino) phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO is a series of events that link weather and ocean-related phenomena.
La Nina events occur when sea surface temperatures fall by at least 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for at least five consecutive three-month seasons.
Causes of La Nina
La Nina is caused by the accumulation of colder-than-normal water in the tropical Pacific. This cold water is brought to the surface by eastward-moving trade winds and ocean currents, a phenomenon called upwelling. Upwelling can cause sea surface temperatures to drop rapidly.
Effects of La Nina
Effects on air pressure and rainfall: La Nina lowers air pressure in the western Pacific, increasing rainfall. Summer monsoons in southeast Asia strengthen, which benefits agriculture in northwest India and Bangladesh.
Flood risk in Australia: Although La Nina supports agriculture in south Asia, strong events can cause severe flooding in northern Australia. Extreme rainfall and low pressure systems cause flooding.
Global rainfall patterns: La Nina brings more rainfall to southeastern Africa and northern Brazil. Conversely, it increases air pressure in the central and eastern Pacific, leading to dry conditions.
Drought in some regions: Regions such as the west coast of tropical South America, the Gulf Coast of the US, and the Pampas of South America experience reduced rainfall and drought conditions during La Nina.
Boost to fishing industry: Upwelling brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, which supports the growth of plankton. This benefits fish populations and predators such as sea bass.
Duration and seasonal peak
La Nina events typically last one to three years, while El Nino usually lasts less than a year. Both events reach their peak during the Northern Hemisphere winter.
FAQs about La Nina
Question 1: What does La Nina mean?
Answer: La Nina is a climate pattern that causes cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific, which affects global weather patterns.
Question 2: How does La Nina affect India?
Answer: La Nina strengthens the Indian monsoon, increasing rainfall in northwest India and Bangladesh, which is beneficial for agriculture but can sometimes cause flooding.
Question 3: What is the difference between La Nina and El Nino?
Answer: La Nina causes cooler Pacific waters and increased rainfall, while El Nino brings warmer waters and disruption of global weather patterns.
Question 4: What is worse, El Nino or La Nina?
Answer: Usually, El Nino causes more severe global weather disruptions, but La Nina can cause devastating flooding in some areas.
7. Kisan Credit Card
The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme, established to provide financial support in the agriculture sector, has seen a 42% increase in bad loans in the last four years. This situation has become a matter of concern for farmers, as it can adversely affect their financial health and agricultural production. In this article, we will discuss about the KCC scheme, its implementation, objectives, eligibility and the reasons for the increasing number of bad loans.
About Kisan Credit Card
The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was established in 1998. It aimed to issue credit cards to farmers based on their land, so that they can easily purchase agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. and withdraw cash for production requirements.
In 2004, the scheme was expanded to cover the investment credit requirements of farmers as well. Subsequently, in Budget 2018-19, the government extended the KCC facility to fisheries and animal husbandry farmers, helping them meet their working capital needs.
Implementation
The implementation of the KCC scheme will be done by commercial banks, regional rural banks (RRBs), small finance banks and cooperative institutions. To ensure that all farmers can avail the benefits of this scheme, various banks have been trained to provide loans under this scheme.
Objective
The main objective of the KCC scheme is to provide adequate and timely credit support to farmers under a single window. The scheme is designed to meet the following needs:
- Short-term credit requirements for cultivation of crops: Financial assistance required for farmers to grow crops.
- Post-harvest expenses: Funds required for post-harvest activities.
- Production marketing credit: Credit required for selling the products in the market.
- Consumption needs of the farmer family: Financial assistance for the daily needs of the family.
- Working capital for maintenance of agricultural assets and related activities: Funds required for maintenance of agricultural assets.
- Investment credit requirements for agriculture and related activities: Financial assistance required for investment in agriculture.
Eligibility
The eligibility under the KCC scheme is as follows:
Farmers: Individual or joint borrowers who are owner farmers.
Tenant farmers: Farmers who do not own the land but cultivate it.
Share croppers: Farmers who partner with the land owner in the production of the crop.
Self Help Groups (SHGs) or Joint Liability Groups (JLGs): These groups are also eligible for KCC.
Kisan Loan Portal
The Kisan Loan Portal helps farmers to get subsidized loans under KCC. It has been developed in collaboration with various government departments. This portal provides farmers a comprehensive view of their data, loan disbursement details, interest subvention claims and progress of scheme utilization.
This portal promotes seamless integration with banks, making agricultural credit more focused and effective.
Increasing number of bad loans
Although the KCC scheme has played an important role in providing financial assistance to farmers, the increasing number of bad loans has become a matter of concern in the sector. Bad loans have increased by 42% in the last four years, which is affecting the financial condition of farmers. This situation has arisen due to several reasons, such as:
Instability in agriculture: Due to uncertainty of weather and natural disasters, crop production is decreasing, which is affecting the income of farmers.
High interest rates: Many farmers have to take loans at high interest rates, which makes their financial condition even worse.
Difficulty in repaying loans: Many farmers are unable to repay their loans, resulting in increasing number of bad loans.
Government initiatives
The government has taken several steps to address this problem. These include:
- Loan waiver schemes: Loan waiver schemes have been implemented for farmers in some states to provide relief to them.
- Agricultural insurance schemes: Agricultural insurance schemes have been introduced to protect farmers from natural disasters.
- Training and awareness programmes: Various programmes are being organised to make farmers aware about financial management and agricultural techniques.
8. H1N1 virus
There has been a sharp rise in seasonal flu cases in Delhi recently, with the number of H1N1 swine flu and influenza B cases increasing. The health department has taken this situation seriously and advised people to be cautious. In this article, we will discuss the H1N1 virus, its symptoms, treatment, and preventive measures.
About H1N1 Virus
The H1N1 virus, also known as swine influenza, is a respiratory disease that occurs in pigs. It is caused by the type A influenza virus and usually appears regularly in pigs. However, human infections can also occur.
The first confirmed case of the H1N1 virus was reported in India in May 2009. Since then, this virus has caused several outbreaks, with a significant number of cases reported in 2021, 2022, and 2023.
Transmission
The H1N1 virus spreads mainly from person to person. It spreads through coughing or sneezing. Sometimes, people can also get infected by touching their mouth or nose after touching something that has the flu virus on it.
Thus, it is important that people keep their surroundings clean and take care of personal hygiene.
Symptoms
The symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of common human flu, including:
- Fever: Usually over 100°F (37.8°C).
- Cough: Dry cough that gradually increases.
- Sore throat: Irritation or pain in the throat.
- Body aches: Muscle pain and fatigue.
- Headache: General headache that is accompanied by other symptoms.
- Chills and fatigue: General tiredness and a feeling of chills.
Some people have also reported diarrhea and vomiting. In severe cases, swine flu infection can lead to complications such as pneumonia and respiratory failure.
Treatment
Currently, there is no specific vaccine available against swine flu. However, there are some general measures that can help prevent the spread of respiratory diseases:
- Hand washing: Wash hands regularly with soap and water.
- Cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing: Use a tissue or your elbow.
- Avoid crowded places: When flu cases are increasing, avoid going to crowded places.
FAQs related to H1N1 virus
Question 1: Is H1N1 a serious disease?
Answer: Yes, H1N1 can cause severe respiratory disease, especially in young children, the elderly and people with weakened immunity.
Question 2: Is H1N1 a pig or bird virus?
Answer: H1N1 originated from pigs but it also contains genetic material from bird and human influenza viruses.
Question 3: How long does H1N1 last?
Answer: H1N1 symptoms usually last for 3 to 7 days, but cough and weakness may persist for up to two weeks.
Question 4: Is isolation required for H1N1?
Answer: Yes, isolation is recommended to prevent the spread of H1N1, especially for the first 5 to 7 days of infection.
Status of seasonal flu cases in Delhi
The recent rise in seasonal flu cases in Delhi has alerted the health department. According to recent data, 54% of households have reported symptoms of fever and cough. This situation is particularly worrying as it indicates that the virus is spreading rapidly.
The health department has appealed to people to identify the symptoms and seek medical advice immediately if they feel ill.
Precautions
People are advised to follow the following precautions:
Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing: This will protect not only you but also those around you.
- Wash hands frequently: Washing hands with soap and water is the most effective way.
- Stay home if you are sick: If you are experiencing fever or other symptoms, it is important to stay home and away from others.
High-risk groups
There are people at high risk for serious complications from the H1N1 virus, including:
- Young children
- Elderly people
- People with weakened immunity
These groups need to take special precautions, and they should get their health checked regularly.
9. T2T segment
Investing in the financial markets can be a challenging task, especially when it comes to T2T stocks (trade-to-trade stocks). These stocks are subject to special rules that are important for investors. In this article, we will discuss T2T stocks in detail, their trading rules, ways to identify them and answer common questions.
About T2T Stocks
T2T stocks, or trade-to-trade stocks, are stocks that need to be delivered in order to be traded. This means that these stocks settle on a T+2 (two days after trading) basis.
This means that if you buy T2T stocks today, you cannot sell them until the settlement process is complete. If you try to sell these stocks on the same day or before, your order will be rejected.
Trading T2T Stocks
There are some special rules to trade T2T stocks:
- Settlement requirement: After buying T2T stocks, you have to wait for the settlement process to sell them.
- Restrictions on intraday trading: T2T stocks cannot be bought for intraday trading. This means you cannot sell them on the same day.
- Demat account: If you do not have a demat account, you cannot trade T2T stocks.
Selection of stocks in T2T segment
The exchanges use various criteria to put stocks in the T2T segment, such as:
- Price-earnings ratio: If the price-earnings ratio of a stock is very high, it can be put in the T2T segment.
- Price movement: If a stock has extreme price fluctuations, it can also be put in the T2T segment.
- Market capitalization: Stocks with small market capitalization can also be put in the T2T segment.
How to identify stocks in T2T segment?
There are some special signs to identify stocks in T2T segment:
National Stock Exchange (NSE): If the name of a stock ends with “BE” it is in the T2T segment . As an example, in the T2T segment, “ADANIPOWER” changes to “ADANIPOWER BE” .
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE): If the name of a stock ends with “T” it is in the T2T segment . As an example, in the T2T segment, “ADANIPOWER” changes to “ADANIPOWER T”.
FAQs Related to T2T Segment
Qustion 1: What is Intraday Trading?
Answer: Intraday trading means buying and selling stocks in a single day to profit from price changes.
Qustion 2: What is market capitalization?
Answer: It is the total value of shares of a company that are available in the stock market.
Question 3: What is the National Stock Exchange (NSE)?
Answer: The National Stock Exchange (NSE) is a leading stock exchange in India established in 1992 and headquartered in Mumbai.
Advantages and Disadvantages of T2T Stocks
There are some advantages and disadvantages of investing in T2T stocks that are important to understand:
Advantages:
- Safety: Stocks in the T2T segment are monitored which helps investors avoid volatility.
- Low Risk: Trading in these stocks reduces unnecessary risk as they can be sold only after settlement .
Regulatory Protection: These stocks are monitored by SEBI, providing a safe environment to investors.
Disadvantages:
- Lack of Liquidity: Intraday trading is not allowed in T2T stocks, which may cause investors to face a lack of liquidity.
- Long-term investment: If you invest in T2T stocks, you may have to lock up your capital for a long period of time, which may be inconvenient for some investors.
- Missing the opportunity: If the market rallies, investors who invest in T2T stocks may not be able to take advantage of that rally.
10. Chandrayaan-3
Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) Chandrayaan-3 mission has indicated the possible presence of water-ice on the Moon, which could be important for future moon missions. In this article, we will discuss about Chandrayaan-3, its objective, recent findings and its significance.
About Chandrayaan-3
Chandrayaan-3 is ISRO’s second attempt at a successful landing and rover operations on the Moon, after Chandrayaan-2. Chandrayaan-3 was launched using ISRO’s LVM3 rocket, designed to place modules in geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) at a low cost.
The LVM3 is a three-stage rocket with two solid strap-on boosters and a core liquid stage. The rocket placed Chandrayaan-3 modules in an elliptical parking orbit of approximately 170 x 36,500 km.
Mission objectives
The main objective of Chandrayaan-3 is to detect the presence of water ice on the Moon, which could support future lunar habitats and provide fuel for interplanetary missions. Following are some of the major goals of this mission:
- Safe and soft landing: To perform a safe landing on the Moon.
- Rover based exploration: To explore the lunar surface through the rover.
- Scientific experiments: To perform in-situ scientific experiments through the rover.
Recent findings of Chandrayaan-3
New data obtained from Chandrayaan-3 indicate that there may be a possibility of water ice deposits outside the polar regions of the Moon. A study conducted by the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, used data from the Lunar Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE).
ChaSTE recorded a temperature difference of about 60 degrees Celsius between the lunar surface and a layer 10 cm below it. This shows that the surface layer of the Moon is highly non-conductive, providing new information about its composition and thermal properties.
Importance of possible presence of water ice
Detecting the presence of water ice on the Moon is important for space exploration. If there is water ice on the Moon it could be an important resource for future Moon missions. Water ice can be used as water required for habitation on the Moon and can also be used as fuel for interplanetary missions .
FAQs related to Chandrayaan-3
Question 1: Is Chandrayaan-3 still working?
Answer: Chandrayaan-3’s lander and rover have completed their mission after one lunar day; the propulsion module is in Earth orbit.
Question 2: When did Chandrayaan-3 land?
Answer: Chandrayaan-3 successfully landed on the South Pole of the Moon on 23 August 2023.
Question 3: Is Chandrayaan-3 a success or a failure?
Answer: Chandrayaan-3 was a success, having soft landed on the Moon’s south pole and accomplished its scientific objectives.
Question 4: What is the difference between Chandrayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3 ?
Answer : Chandrayaan-3 does not have an orbiter, while Chandrayaan-2 had and focuses on soft landing with improved lander and rover capabilities.
11. ‘Pratibimba’ module
The Indian government has recently arrested 6,046 cyber criminals, which has been possible with the help of the ‘Pratibimba’ module developed by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is a geospatial information system (GIS) based software that aims to map cyber criminals in real-time and dismantle their networks. In this article, we will discuss in detail the function of the ‘Pratibimba’ module, its benefits and the arrests made through it.
About the ‘Pratibimba’ module
The ‘Pratibimba’ module has been launched by the I4C of the Ministry of Home Affairs. This software helps enforcement agencies, including state police forces, to map cyber criminals.
A unique feature of this software is that it displays mobile numbers used in cyber crimes across the country in a GIS map. It helps law enforcement agencies (LEAs) and service providers to find the actual locations of active mobile numbers, making it easier for them to trace criminals.
Benefits of ‘Pratibimba’
The ‘Pratibimba’ module has several benefits:
- Real-time data: This software provides data in real-time, helping enforcement agencies to take prompt action.
- Mapping of cyber criminals: It maps cyber criminals based on mobile numbers, making it easier to trace their activities.
- Improves security: This software helps in enhancing the security of citizens as it helps in dismantling the network of cyber criminals.
Coordination Platform: ‘Samanvay’
The Ministry of Home Affairs has also launched a coordination platform called ‘Samanvay’ for sharing and analysis of cyber crime data for LEAs. This platform provides analysis based on the interstate linkages between crimes and criminals involved in cyber crime complaints in different States/UTs.
Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)
I4C has been set up under the Ministry of Home Affairs to tackle cyber crime in the country in a coordinated and comprehensive manner. Following are its main functions:
- Acting as a Nodal Point: I4C acts as a nodal point in the fight against cybercrime.
- Research and Development: It identifies research problems and needs of LEAs and takes up research and development activities in the development of new technologies and forensic tools.
- Preventing Misuse of Cyberspace: It strives to prevent the misuse of cyberspace due to extremist and terrorist groups.
- Implementation of Legal Aid Treaties: It coordinates all activities related to the implementation of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLAT) related to cybercrime with other countries.
Cyber Crime Volunteer Programme
I4C has planned the Cyber Crime Volunteer Programme to bring citizens on one platform. This programme brings together citizens who are eager to serve the country and want to contribute in the fight against cybercrime. Through this programme, citizens will be made aware of cybersecurity and encouraged to identify and report cybercrimes.
FAQs on ‘Pratibimba’ Module
Question 1. What is Geospatial Information System (GIS)?
Answer GIS is a computer system that analyses and displays geographically referenced information. This system collects different types of data and displays them on a map, making it easier for the user to understand the information.
Question 2. What are Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLAT)?
Answer An agreement between two or more nations for information sharing and collaboration in criminal investigations and court cases is known as an MLAT. These treaties promote cooperation between countries and play a vital role in the fight against cyber crimes.
Question 3. Where is the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre located?
Answer The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) is located in New Delhi. The centre coordinates between various law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders to combat cyber crime.
Also Read: Current Affairs (3rd March-9th March): Blue Ghost mission, Sepsis, Juang Tribe & more
